The Short and Long Term Effects of the Hunger-Strikes in Northern Ireland

How did the Irish immigrants come? In 1818 there were Irish immigrants,they came on the first steam service to go to the UK ,this was called the called Rob Roy. Within a decade, ships were also ferrying passengers,mainly to areas in liverpool.One pull factor for them was that they heard that England had a lot of isolated area that could be used for growing crops.One push factor is the potatoe famine.Starting, in 1845 the potato famine killed over a million men, women and children in Ireland and caused millions to leave the country.Many poor people grew potatoes for food. Potatoes grew on unhealthy soil, even in winter.When a potato disease called blight arrived, possibly in ships from America.It was a disaster. Potatoes went rotten, and were

Have you ever wondered how the Irish Potato Famine started or what farmers used when they got it. Did the physical environment play a part in the fungus carrying to the potatoes? What did the people do when all of their potatoes were gone? the answer to the question is the Irish famine was carried from a ship in the cool, moist environment made the blight thrive for that reason the potato crops were affected and they needed to import food from different countries.

The start of the Irish’ peoples struggles began when the British came and destroyed their way of life. The Penal laws of 1691 stripped Irish Catholics of their freedoms by taking away their rights to become officers

In the “Green Book”, a guide for IRA recruits, it makes reference to this issue by saying, “The three-day and seven-day detention orders are breaking volunteers and it is the Republican Army’s fault for not indoctrinating volunteers with the psychological strength to resist interrogation.”(Coogan, 544). However, this was a rather short-term advantage due not only to the activism of lawyers some Republican lawyers like Pat Finucane who were successful in curbing prisoner mistreatment, but also to the IRA’s efforts to tie identity to their recruits led to stronger resistance to British tactics. Lines from the “Green Book” directly link not succumbing to interrogation to the cause such as, “This motivation is not merely expected to carry the volunteers through vicissitudes such as capture, interrogation and prison; it is expected to sustain him to the movement’s ultimate political gaol- a socialist Republic.” (Coogan, 546). By tying the cause directly to the IRA members resolve’s against British interrogation techniques they put their identities in jeopardy if they talked they didn’t care about the cause or their fellow Irishmen. In the long-term the British government’s coercive tactics hardened the recruits and the IRA against any sort of compromise or negotiation, and tied resistance directly to being a good

time prisoners at Pentridge Prison slept, ate and worked in chains, they were forced to sleep on wooden benches and ate outside standing in all types of weather, for those who broke the rules or refused to work were punished by wearing heavy irons or given solitary confinement on bread and water. Moreland History (2008) further claims ‘’hard labour was introduced in the 19th century to teach prisoners the value of hard work in attempt to deter others from committing a crime.’’ During the 19th century,

Discrimination. Violence. Political turmoil. This was the reality that plagued Northern Ireland in a thirty-year conflict known as “The Troubles”, which began in 1968 and ended in 1998. Paul McCartney’s song “Give Ireland Back to the Irish” was written in response to “Bloody Sunday”, and is an effective example of a rhetorical argument. “Bloody Sunday” was a major incident that took place on January 30, 1972 in Londonderry, Northern Ireland. On this day, twenty-six protesters were shot by British paratroopers and 14 died from their wounds. (Crutchley). This song, written and recorded just two days after the incident, was aimed at raising

In the 1970s disturbances were common in the correctional system; riots would break out in order for inmates to express their desire for reform and changes in rules. Inmates didn’t approve of the crowded living conditions, harsh rules, poor food, excessive punishment, and guard brutality. Inmates demanded change in the correctional system starting with those involving basic conditions to those concerning basic rights. The prisoners were not given the opportunity to express their feeling of deprivation in the correctional system that was until the upcoming of the ombudsman (Allen, J., & Ponder, 2010).

(Encyclopedia, 1986) Under this type of sentencing, an offender received a specific amount of time to serve in prison for a specific crime. (Encyclopedia, 1986) This actually created a major problem when prisons became overcrowded. (Encyclopedia, 1986) The governors were forced to issue mass pardons or the prison wardens had to randomly release offenders to make space for new entering prisoners. (Encyclopedia, 1986) Then in 1840, Captain Alexander Maconochie was appointed governor of the notorious English penal colony at Norfolk Island off the coast of Australia. (Encyclopedia, 1986) Maconochie came up with a system that he issued “marks” to encourage more positive behavior and let inmates serve their sentences in stages, which each increasing in responsibility. The final stage was a ticket of leave. (Siegal & Bartollas, 2010, pg. 254) The final stage of his system was a ticket of leave, the graduated release. (Siegal & Bartollas, 2010, pg. 254) “Later, influenced by Maconochie, Sir Walter Crofton established the “Irish mark system” in which inmates could earn early release by positive behavior.” (Siegal & Bartollas, 2010, pg. 254) The four stages of graduated release that he created were solitary confinement, special prison, open institution, and ticket of leave. (Siegal & Bartollas, 2010, pg. 254) “The Irish system was well received, appeared to have low rates of recidivism, and penologists from the United States began to urge bringing these ideas of graduated release to the United States.” (Siegal & Bartollas, 2010, pg. 254) But indeterminate sentence and the use of parole was not recognized and adopted across the U.S until 1944. (Siegal & Bartollas, 2010, pg.

The Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, Terence O’ Neill resigned in April of 1969 after the General Election. The Unionists felt that he was giving into the Civil Rights group.

The tragedy of hunger and food insecurity is the vast amount of food waste that takes places all around the country. May it be over production of food for a college or university or buying fresh fruits and veggies and letting them go bad before consumption. In order to combat the ongoing issue of food waste, as it relates directly to hunger, we first need to be informed to what is happening. Wasting food may be a habit that many people do not know they take part in. In all reality how many college students do you think worry about the amount of food they let go to waste after every meal? Not many, that is for sure. Dining halls should monitor how much of a typical food item is used on a daily basis. This is specifically relating to those foods that are offered every day. I know that students do not eat the same exact thing every day, however, this could be a gage as to about how much they should make. If there is a large amount of it that is let over, next time make less and if it runs out or barely lasts for the day, I would recommend making about the same amount in the future. It may also help to give the students a survey to see what they like and what they do not like, and as this data is gathered the food could be produced to meet the wants of the majority. I can also imagine that college dining halls face the dilemma of making sure that everyone that is a vegetarian, gluten free, allergic to certain food, etc. are accommodated for just as well as those that are not.

There are many fascinating facts about this company. One fascinating fact is that the company was founded by one lone Irish man whom founded it in 1845 precisely as the Great Irish Potato Famine began to take hold of the country. The company not only managed to survive this catastrophe but it flourished and is still around today, the company has been and it continues to be run by family members who must possess a deep understanding of the skillful art of textile making. Another interesting fact is their continual investment in research projects, whether improving I.T. and manufacturing technology, staff training and development or improving the raw material characteristics from which their fabrics are manufactured, they have not seized to

In 1968, the Northern Ireland parliament had been dominated by unionists for over fifty years. Its attempts to solve social and political ills, such as institutional discrimination against Catholics, were too slow for nationalists and republicans and too quick for many unionists. This gave rise to growing tension and violence between the two communities (www.bbc.co.uk). It included an armed insurgency against the state some forms of the Catholic or nationalist population, which mainly were the Irish Republican Army (IRA), though it also included other republican factions, with the idea focused on creating a united independent Ireland (Dorney, 2015). The Ira were in constant battle with forces of the state.

1886 was undoubtedly a turning point as it gave hope for ‘both a just and feasible solution to the problem of the Irish government’. In 1886 the Liberal Party Prime Minister of the UK, William Gladstone, decided that

After the discovery of the New World and the introduction of the potato to Europe, the Irish population found their miracle crop. The potato saved and doubled a once dwindling population to nine million people. Three of the nine million relied on the potato for their sole source of food and by 1846, crisis fell over Ireland. The potato crop contracted Blight, a disease brought over to Ireland accidentally from America. The disease killed all the crops and lead to the great famine of Ireland which rippled into the death of most of the population. However, before the famine, many other factors lead the Irish to their emigration to America. Religious persecution caused many of the Irish to seek a better life. Due to the Penal Laws, Irish Catholics

During these barricades against the Irish, according to Melaugh and Mckenna the British soldiers are ordered to tell the Irish protesters that they must stop their acts of protest through marches: “Brian Faulkner, the then Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, banned all parades and marches in Northern