The Shot Of A Gun

In McClure, Weisburd and Wilson (2008) summary article arguing that in addition to bench science, field experimentation involving forensic methods is key to assess the utility of various methods to solve crimes. The study reflected that there is a need for more research into many aspects of forensic science, criticizing the strength of scientific evidence that’s collected at a crime scene and interpretations of most forensic methods while omitting DNA testing. McClure et al’s (2008) explains that in sexual cases and homicides, the presence of DNA evidence actually increased the likelihood of prosecution and a conviction. According to the article “…the case of convictions, the odds-ratio for the presence of DNA evidence was 33.1 for sexual offenses and 23.1 for homicides” (McClure et al., 2008). Subsequently, the research shows that there was a consistent gradual decline in the national homicide rates that began in the 1900s and continued through into the 21st century. The decline of homicides in the US has dropped by from more than 90% in the 1960s to 62% in 2003. Even though this significant drop has occurred during the introduction of the new DNA testing

Rape, murder, theft, and other crimes almost always leave a devastating mark on the victim. More often than not, it would be impossible to identify the perpetrator a crime without forensic science and the technology it uses. Forensic science allows investigators to unmask the secrets of the crime scene. Evidence gathered at the crime scene helps to identify the guilty party, murder weapon, and even the identity of the victim (Harkawy, 1991: 276). The new technologies enables the forensic experts to have better and faster access to accumulated information, to be more accurate in the identification of victims or delinquents, and minimizes the possibility of wrongful accusations. New technology

Due to the uniqueness of DNA it has become a powerful tool in criminal investigations

DNA forensics can also narrow down suspect pools, exonerate innocent suspects, and link crimes together if the same DNA is found at both scenes. However, without existing suspects, a DNA profile cannot direct an investigation because current knowledge of genotype-phenotype relation is too vague for DNA phenotyping. For example, a profile from a first time offender that has no match in any database may give the information that the criminal is a left handed male of medium stature with red hair and freckles. It would be impossible to interview every man who fits that description. However, with available suspects, DNA forensics has many advantages over other forms of evidence. One is the longevity of DNA. Although it will deteriorate if exposed to sunlight, it can remain intact for centuries under proper conditions (Sachs, 2004). Because DNA is so durable, investigators can reopen old cases to reexamine evidence.

Due to the brief period that Hodge had been allowed to see her attacker, the prosecution felt that stronger evidence was needed to prove a connection. The brief 6-second glimpse that the victim Nancy Hodge obtained during her ordeal wasn’t considered viable enough for trial purposes (Lewis). This relatively new forensic investigation technic involving the use of DNA fingerprinting was in its infancy and was pioneered by a British scientist might hold the answer to convicting the rapist.

Marieb stated (435), DNA fingerprinting can prove that a suspect was actually at the scene of a crime and establishes innocence.” Before the evolution of DNA fingerprinting, persecuting attorney and our judicial system depended on many aspects of reliable sources to convict a criminal. They depended on the eyewitnesses who were likely to recant on their statements, tampered evidence, and bias jurors. Presently, DNA fingerprinting have aided in exonerating hundreds of cases including Ray Krone, also known as The Snaggle Tooth Killer. He was exculpated by DNA evidence after he served 10 years and was facing the death penalty for a crime he didn’t commit. He was wrongly convicted of murder and the circumstantial evidence at the time was the bite marks they found on the victim’s body resembled his teeth. DNA revealed Kenneth Phillips was the culprit. He was the 100th inmate vindicated through DNA from death row since 1976. Even though, this is a fascinating process. It is not a perfect system. Similarly, fingerprints were used in the past, yet the current progression speaks for

interior of room (like shot 16). Husband sitting on chair, leaning against table with telephone near his elbow. Husband looks at gun, chuckles then looks at telephone and picks it up (8

Identification means the steps needed in the analysis of unknown fluids to see what the substance is (“Biology,” 2016). Individualization determines whether a certain individual may or may not be the donor of a bodily substance by examining various markers (“Biology,” 2016). Processing biological trace evidence uses highly complex, automated technology to create a DNA profile that helps the investigators through the association of suspects to victims and to crime scenes (“Biology Services,” 2017). By using techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), forensic biologists can use variable markers found on the regular chromosomes (STR’s), the sex chromosomes (Y-STR’s) and within the mitochondrial DNA to distinguish one person’s DNA from another to a high degree of certainty (“Biology,” 2016). Forensic biologists are involved in assisting investigative agencies because police were led to Bernardo by a police sketch (“Serial Killers: Paul Bernardo and Karla Homolka,” 2013). The police took DNA (hair, blood and saliva) from Bernardo as a matter of routine to test it against specimens found on a rape victim’s clothing (Butts, n.d.). Forensic biologists were able to name the substances left on Kristen French’s body and match it to Bernardo’s DNA by processing it. On February 17th, 1995, Bernardo was arrested for the murders of Mahaffy, French, and the Scarborough rapes (Butts,

He said, “I did not clearly see the person, but it looked like a women…well that shot the man. It was odd because he also had a gun.” This comes to our second clue, there were 5 guns found, one with no bullets an one with only two. After a forensic report, they could not find prints of neither gun. The individual with 5 bullets gun was wearing gloves and the second person with no bullets had mud covered with it.

Former attorney General Janet Reno described our system of justice as a search for the truth.(1) Increasingly, the forensic use of DNA technology is an important ally in that search. DNA fingerprinting, better known in the scientific realm as DNA profiling, has given police and the courts a means of identifying the perpetrators of rapes and murders with a very high degree of confidence. However, nine years after its introduction, forensic DNA typing is still used only selectively. This is due to a variety of factors, including the unavailability of forensic typing to local prosecutors, the time required to perform the typing, and the costs of the tests if private laboratories are utilized. Formerly

DNA is certain characteristics that identifies a person by race, hair color, and their sex. Technology had changed the criminal justice tremendously and DNA is a prime example of how much technology has changed the aspect of the criminal justice system. When the DNA is used in an investigation it is used to help with identifying a suspect for committing a crime. The impact that DNA has had on the criminal justice system is that it has changed the way DNA is handled, collected, and the importance of DNA. DNA has revolutionized the criminal justice system in a major way because cold cases has been solved, people have cleared from murder cases, and it has been a vital source for information in criminal cases. The case of a Florida man by name

Previously used only in research labs, DNA fingerprinting has become more common to the public. Although mostly used for paternity testing, DNA profiling is reliable enough as evidence that prosecutors are relying on it more and more to help convict suspects in criminal cases. One specific example occurred in Goldsboro, North Carolina. A man known as the “Night Stalker” had committed offenses of rape in 1990 to three elderly women. Each incident resulted in an attempt to murder the victim; however, only two lost their lives along with one husband. One woman was fortunately saved by the unusually early arrival of her daughter. The suspect planned to burn the residence to hide the crime, but panicked and ran, leaving behind substantial evidence. A matching pap smear was taken from each victim to cross reference DNA samples, but no suspect was known. This is where the NDIS came into effect, adding a profile to North Carolina’s database. After 10 years of

He was in his lab, which is located in Leicester, when he noticed the X-ray film image from a DNA experiment. (Alec Jeffreys biography)The experiment showed similarities and differences between the DNA of several members of his technician's family. (Alec Jeffreys biography)Shortly, Jeffreys understood the possibility of DNA fingerprinting, This process uses variations in the genetic code that identify individuals.(Alec Jeffreys biography) The method he learned has proved critical in forensic science. This method is a cornerstone to things the police force accomplish. It also helps to relinquish problems involving paternity or immigration. Even in non-human affairs, Jeffreys acquired the only centre in the world, in 1987, that did DNA fingerprinting. (Alec Jeffreys biography)At the time, the centre was extremely busy and received attention from all around the world. (Alec Jeffreys biography)DNA fingerprinting was first used in 1985. Jeffreys was asked to solve a immigration problem to determine the family of a British Boy whose family was from Ghana.(Alec Jeffreys biography) The case was easily solved when the DNA results showed the boy was of close relation to the other members of the family. The family was ecstatic to get their son, all of this would not be possible if it were not for DNA fingerprinting. Fingerprinting was first used in the field of law in 1983.(Alec Jeffreys biography) Lynda Mann and Dawn Ashworth were raped and killed in Narborough, Leicestershire. (Alec Jeffreys biography)The murderer, Colin Pitchfork, was convicted and identified after a sample of his semen matched samples taken from the two deceased girls. This played a pivotal role in the identifying of a murderer. His work proved the real killer, and also saved a man who was almost falsely convicted of this murder. If it were not for Alec Jeffreys work, an innocent man would have spent his entire life

In consequence of the ongoing progress in sectors like science and technology it became possible to clarify mysterious crimes, which could not be solved for decades because of the lack of knowledge. An example for such a crime is the case of Sinead O'Neill. The 20-year-old student was raped and found lifeless on the morning of August 20th 1991 near Munich by the riverside of the Isar. As a result of several stab wounds in torso and back she died in the hospital. The police was not able to catch the perpetrator as the DNA analysis at that time wasn't well-engineered. Only after twelve years it became achievable to catch the person responsible with new empirical findings. Recent and refined DNA analysis and the chance to create a genetic fingerprint

DNA fingerprinting is a scientific technology involving the extraction, replication and arrangement of strands of an organism’s DNA. This results in the formation of a genetically distinctive fingerprint that is unique to the organism which the DNA sample was originally extracted from. Because of the specificity of a DNA fingerprint, the application of this technology can have a substantial influence on many aspects of society. Accessibility to a DNA database allows for higher efficiency in forensic investigations, personal identification, maternal and paternal testing. The availability of a national database to police officers and forensic scientists would equate to increased productivity in investigations and prosecution of suspects in a