The Should Not Be An Official Sport

Video games have been around for many years and so has competitive gaming. The first video game was created around 1970 and was Pong. Pong required one or two players to play. The players would play next to each other and the game required both players to move the courser to the ball and knock in to the other player’s side. Pong was the first competitive video game because you could play with another person. The video game industry now is a very big market and is suspected to be an 86 billion dollar industry in 2016 (A Classification Of Business Models In Video Game Industry). For the past couple of years video competitions have gotten really popular and now there is a franchise called eSports that hosts gaming competitions in big areas. “The past several year’s eSports have seen meteoric growth in dozens of markets, attracting tens of millions of viewers each year in the United States, alone” (Hollist). Esports is made up of many different games and each game has different teams that specialize in the game that they are competing in. E-Sports 89 million viewers in 2014 and is suspected to grow to 145 million in 2017. ("Red Bull Media Readies ESports Studio for Prime Time."). Competitive gaming should be recognized as a sport because each team has a sponsor. The sponsors pay for all associated costs of the player’s gaming including, but not limited to, plane tickets, hotel rooms, and food. In return the teams have to wear the

Sport’s are an aspect of life that affect societies across the globe. Athletics affect everyone's life, whether that be playing the sport, watching games, or hearing about a sporting event. There is a big difference between playing an individual sport and players relying on their own athletic abilities versus a team sport when members of the team rely on their teammates to complete each individual's specific responsibility to reach the team's goal. Team sports bring people together in countless ways, and they teach many life skills for the athletes that participate in them. Some of these skills include communication, teamwork, discipline, work ethic, dedication, leadership, and numerous more that will help them in their personal and work

When it comes to subject that the public is concerned about, contact sports and the consequences that come from playing such sports is definitely high on the list. The one fact that one will notice by reading the following is the reasons why contact sports should be banned and the credible sources that have confirmed the harsh outcomes of playing such sports. Through the injuries, problems that come from concussions, and the fact that athletes are pushed beyond their limitations, one will see that playing contact sports is not at all what it is cracked up to be. The injuries tell it all and through the blood-soaked writing that has been typed below one will see that playing contact sports should be banned for good from public schools.

There are a series of periods that teams go through in making their decisions. The first is the preparation period, where the coaches and players anticipate the actions the opponents intend to perform and the probability of the actions. This early stage process is the one where video observation is used, studying the opponent’s strengths, weaknesses, and styles of play.

Across the country, college sports generate over $11 billion dollars in annual revenues. With 50 institutions reporting a revenue of $50 million or higher, with at least 5 of those institutions surpassing $100 million in annual revenues (Edelman). Without a doubt Universities all over are no longer simply an educational institution. College sports in America, have become the face of their academic institutions that they represent. As result college sports have grown to be larger than a genuine competition between Universities, it has become a trademark. Becoming an organization extremely large and powerful, creating an atmosphere parallel of that of Cartels and monopolies, in regards of the exploitation athletes. As the players celebrate a tittle win, or a win in general, who is truly the winner in that situation?

A study has shown that many people love to see the athletes push to beyond human boundaries to make their entertainment more interesting (Tygart). A valid point is made by the leagues, leagues think it is ok because the purpose of their game is to entertain their audience and to humans pushing beyond their boundaries is good entertainment (Jost). The improvement in the athlete’s performance does not outweigh the risks. Even though, it may be fun to watch athletes push their boundaries, but it has a negative impact on their health (Tygart). People should not be hurt mentally and physically for personal entertainment. The entertainment of people is not worth the health of the athletes

Professional Athletes are our present day gladiators. They play for themselves or for a team and thrill us with their superb skills, stamina, and agility. They can become heroes to countless of impressionable minds, role models to those who aspire to be like them. At times they play despite pain and injury and seem to overcome insurmountable odds. It is no wonder that they are paid sums of money for their work is impressive, but also fleeting. They have to play within an age range, within their prime, at their peak. And as they age, we see them struggling in their respective games and as much as we would like to cheer them on to win, we also know that the end game is near. It is not surprise that at times they want to extend their respective careers through enhancements, some of which have been banned and when they get caught, they are chastised and sanctioned for it, sometimes even banned for life.

Leonardo and Zaragoza (2005) chronicles the history of Ultimate Frisbee (Ultimate) which feature key moments shaping the sport in the modern era. Using their research, I will focus on the principle of self-refereeing known as “Spirit of the Game” (SOTG) to players and fans of Ultimate. This is an alternative to traditional sports which feature referees officiating matches. As the competitive level and popularity of Ultimate increases, I will examine whether self-refereeing still has a role to play in times where many alternative extreme sports have conformed to standards similar to that of traditional ones. I will assess this role by looking at how SOTG affects athletes in their character development and the sport at different levels of competitiveness.

The psychological strategies that are recommended to be used in the final weeks of game play are self-talk and team goal setting as these strategies are seen to be effective. These strategies are seen to create team cohesion as they allow for the team members to stick together and remain united in the pursuit of reaching a common goal. A team is said to be in a state of cohesion when its members possess bonds linking them to one another and to the team as a whole (Molnau, 2017). Team cohesion is evident when communication is clear and regular enabling all members to understand their roles and responsibilities (PE Studies Revision Seminars, 2017), this is achieved by having a team captain and court speakers. Whereas team goal setting implements

Specifically, they engaged in various “invasion” sports, where the goal is to move into the opponent’s territory to score (e.g. soccer, basketball, and hockey). The amount of deliberate practice was an important determinant for the emergence of expertise for the AFL athletes (Berry et al., 2008). In a more expansive study, Memmert et al. (2010) confirm the same results with respect to a wide range of team sports: basketball, handball, field hockey, and soccer. They state that there is a need of specific training over a long period of time, the “10-year rule,” for the attainment of expertise.

Ultimate Frisbee is the fastest growing sport in the United States with a 20.8% increase in participation from 2008 to 2009. Given the rapid growth in recent years, Ultimate is in a essential evolutionary stage as rules, policy, and procedure are quickly being developed and hardened into the broad character of the sport. Little academic research has informed the current organization of the sport, which has come into existence through player-based democratic processes. Ultimate is a phenomenon in the sporting world. As a democratized sport, the success or failure of Ultimate in the future relies on the players themselves. Self-officiating in the sport has been a point of contention since its inception in 1968, and continues to be a charged debate today. In contrast to traditional third-party officiating systems (working in soccer, American football, basketball, hockey, etc.), self-officiating places the burden of in-play management on the active participants themselves, not an external authority.

Audiences enjoy watching the players practice and so for online games, such as the popular games known as League of Legends, gamers stream themselves training. These gamers spend majority of their time practicing different strategies and coming up with ways to enhance their performance against other players around the world. On average, E sports athletics practice between 14 to 16 hours a day. In comparison to the 'regular' physical sports, this surely displays hard work to attain success. For a sport such as basketball or swimming, it is nearly impossible for players to practice for 15 hours without giving themselves a break. This shows that E sports require true dedication from the players in order to achieve progress. The audience of an E sport gets to experience the thrill of the game through commentators. Just like regular sports these commentators deliver to the audience the team's specific strategies and explain the reasoning behind each move that the players are making against one another. Also, E sports entertains the audience through the use of interactive online social media. While the game continues, the online audience has the chance to comment and discuss the competing teams' strategy. This engages the viewers and develops a deeper connection to the game and its players. E sports entertain a vast audience since it is streamed

Imagine an enormous arena completely filled with screaming, ecstatic fans cheering for their corresponding teams that have come to compete that day. Behind the scenes, the athletes are nervous, they are about to compete in the biggest, most important event of their lives. However, they are professionals, so they have trained a majority of their lives for this moment, constantly practicing their craft, going over film, and working alongside their teammates in order to achieve their ultimate goal, winning the championship. This description at first look may seem to be describing a championship sporting event such as the NBA Finals, the World Series, Stanley Cup Finals or even the World Cup Final. However, none of these events are what is being depicted. What is actually being illustrated is the finals for numerous Esports competitions such as the League of Legends World Championship or the StarCraft World Championship Series. Ever since the first invention of video games, there has always been a stigma that came with being a gamer. Gamers have always been labeled as geeky, nerdy, immature, and even fat and lazy. Some of the public’s perception of Esports as well as their desire to not have it labeled as a real sport in Esports’ brief history exemplifies the stigma and negative connotation of the word “gamer.” However, in the increasingly innovative and technological modern world, the idea that Esports should not socially or legally be considered to be a real sport has become

A 5 point Likert scale was used to enable the researcher to measure the significance, frequency and size of each item. For measuring players attitude, subjects involved had to rate the significance of each question on the following scale: (1) not at all important, (2) not too important, (3) undecided, (4) somewhat important, (5) very important, ( Hendricks et al, 2011). To assess occurrence of training and training behaviour the following was used, (1) never, (2) rarely, (3) sometimes, (4) frequently, (5) always.

The latest major Dota 2 tournament was met with a huge reception and the largest prize pool in e-sports history to date. For the developers Valve, the tournament was a huge success and another stepping stone in e-sports rapid rise towards mainstream popularity and acceptance. However Valve also made another and no less profound statement of intent with the tournament that marks them as a distinctive force in the e-sports and wider gaming industry and that is one of emphasising the generative power of play. This statement of intent became clear after a controversial incident occurred with the Ukrainian team Natus Vincere who employed a strategy that many considered to be a ‘bug’, ‘glitch’ or ‘exploit’, or at least, certainly to an outsiders view. The strategy in question was the now infamous ‘fountain hook’ Pudge / Chen combination that utilises a unique ability of the two champions (Pudges ‘Meat Hook’ and Chens ‘Test of Faith’) to create an effectively unstoppable move that pulls an enemy hero into the certain death of the base fountain if executed correctly. The ‘if’ word is key here. This was an extremely hard combination to successfully employ that not only relies on a perfection of team unity in combining moves, but also on a huge level of individual skill on the part of Natus Vincere’s ‘Dendi’ in landing the initial Meat Hook from Pudge. However for the average spectator, many of whom were from a League of Legends background (1), it looked like an (albeit fun) exploit