The Sino-Indian Border Conflicts

The British wanted to do business with China after seeing the market potential because of the population, as well as the significant growth in the past two centuries. China’s population increased by 330 million people less than two centuries. The agricultural production in China was not able to keep up with the rapid increase in population. The British saw opportunity in this and believed that they could generate a great amount of money from the market. China’s refusal to trade with the British was

It was a failure for the Qing in the long term for it aroused Western

On a broader scale, however, Han China and Imperial Rome had much difficulty managing their empires and protecting their borders from attack. Some causes of problems for both civilizations arose from very long borders that were far away from the capital and slow communication, which meant that notice of attacks on the borders could take days or weeks to reach the capital before help could be deployed. To address this, both civilizations built walls to protect their borders, such as Hadrian’s Wall in central England and the Great Wall of China in Western China, and they also stationed small garrisons at outposts to protect against wandering marauders. However, this action led to an economic depression in both empires because of the high cost of maintaining the outposts and barriers. Both Rome and China had an effective way of managing their growing empires initially, but as they continued to expand it eventually contributed to their downfall.

b) Economic – China’s isolation led to them having a localized government. On the other hand, India was susceptible to outside forces and influences, causing it to have more diverse culture, and therefore to have local

In the 19th Century British planned to invade China for economic reasons. It had no motives to conquer the state rather entice it to accept a free trade. The country was rich in tea which was in high demand not only in Britain but all over the world. China also had porcelain and silk which the Britons envied. The intruders did not have enough silver to buy the commodities thus opted for a barter system. Consequently, a war between the two states occurred. It was fought between 1848 and 1852 with China becoming unsuccessful due advanced military competence of Britons. The signing of an agreement between them then followed, and British was additionally awarded extraterritorial rights by China. However, the imperialism in China was a positive thing to the natives because it introduced trade and much education in the region which opened up opportunities.

In order to protect their lands the Indians needed to have a good relationship both with the British and the French. Both relations were very different, they preferred the relation with the French side.

negotiate for Indian lands. This act, in combination with the discovery of gold and an increasingly

The event which impacted the ending wars between the United States Army and the Indian nations was the passing of the Dawes Act. One of the top arguments facing the government was the concept that many reformers inferred about the dream of conforming the Indians into a piece of our countries’ white culture. The Dawes Act divided reservations into sections consisting of 160 acres per family to live in; therefore, the remainder of the land would be given to the surrounding white settlements. Although the Dawes Act seemed like a great benefit for the Indians, in many instances this was not true. The Indians’ lives were greatly affected by this act; the natives as the original land owners for generations

(1839-1842) and (1856-1860) The British traded tea with China, in return, they had little to offer expect for Opium which grew mostly in India. However, the Chinese outlawed Opium and wanted little to do with trade between the British. The British didn’t want to lose control of trade with China, so war was declared to force the Chinese to allow trade. The British won due to their superior navy, and the trading system continued between the two. As a result of such strong British power with China, they gained the island of Hong Kong, which was turned into a major port and center of South China shipping. It is a significant event for the British showing imperialist powers in foreign affairs and humiliating the powerful Chinese empire.

For China, the Qing empire’s efforts in unifying neighboring lands within its own territory such as the regions of Mongolia, XinJiang, and Tibet allowed the empire to solidify its protection against the danger of nomadic people invading. This differs from the way the Portuguese empire seeked to control the trade of commerce for economic benefit as they established many fortified bases within the Indian Ocean such as Mombasa, Hormuz, Goa, and Malacca in Southeast Asia that were far away. Differences in each empire’s form of conquest also include the Qing empire’s use of a powerful military army that contributed to China’s territorial expansion whereas the Portuguese’s naval ships allowed the empire to dominate the Indian Ocean trade since other merchant ships were not capable of challenging them. The Qing dynasty’s army would undertake specific efforts of occupying new territories that have not yet been controlled by the empire itself such as the creation of a state that was originally controlled by the Zunghars.

At this time, borders between the peoples became more and more sacred. Some tribes stayed on the move, much like the nomadic hunter-gatherers, in order to protect themselves from expansion. Throughout history there have been incidents of lands being taken over by a foreign nation. The famous Trail of Tears and the British occupation of India and South Africa are good examples of this fact. In all three cases, the natives were forced to adopt the ways of the newcomers or face a punishment. The Trail of Tears occurred in America during the presidential term of Andrew Jackson. Jackson ordered the Cherokee to leave their homeland of their own free will, threatening them to be removed by force if they did not comply. The British

China believed that the wealth of China is uses to profit the barbarians because there were a mass amount of ships that enter China for trading purposes even though the country China and Britain is nowhere near each other. For the nations who was force to endure and obey rules made by other country was an insult. Not only did the Western took control of trading and some lands, they also took advantage of government laws. This meant they were allow to exempt or punish as they seem fit for the crimes. This allowed the foreigners to commit crimes and get away with it with only minor consequences, which the Asian nation cannot intervene to carry out justice as this was part of the treaty.

The dispute over the South China Sea denotes the process of power rebalancing while China rising as a hegemony in East Asia. China craves for more resources and power and decides to effectuate that by controlling more maritime territory. This act impelled the United State to align with the Philippines to balance with China. In a realism world, U.S. has adequate reason to intervene for fear for China becoming too strong a power.

Nowadays, the conflict of territory solving in the world causes many complicated problems among countries, as well as tensions in foreign policies. One of these conflicts is the dispute in South China Sea between China and six neighbor ASEAN countries. With the intervention of the United States, the issue turns to be more serious as it attracts a lot of concerns from international community. This research tries to find a clear way of understanding the South China Sea conflict, specifically about the effort of China and Vietnam to gain the control over the two groups of islands: Paracel and Spratly. The hypothesis intends to express the possibility about Vietnam’s victory in this conflict with the help of the United States.

In the Western Pacific, the South China Sea is a global crossroads that holds strategic importance for many nations world wide. The South China Sea stretches from the Taiwan and Luzon Straits in the north to Indonesia and the Strait of Malacca in the south with Vietnam on the west and the Philippines and Borneo on the east. In total size, the South China Sea surpasses the Mediterranean Sea. However, unlike this Near-Eastern comparator, territorial disputes and conflicting claims threaten the movement of global trade through the South China Sea, thus unbalancing regional stability in the Asia-Pacific. Claimants include the bordering coastal countries of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), the Republic of China (a.k.a. Taiwan), the