The Social Inequalities And The Biosocial Ecology

Summary: The yellow fever outbreak that took place in Africa this past year was a hidden disaster which exposed the flaws in the emergency vaccine supply. The epidemic essentially exposed a race between the mosquitos that spread yellow fever and the vaccines that protect people against yellow fever. Early in December 2015 in Africa, the first few deaths by yellow fever were misdiagnosed as merely food poisoning. As soon as the true culprit was exposed, emergency stockpiles of vaccines were exhausted before a small region was protected. However, the outbreak was mitigated due to the help of a colossal vaccine campaign that stretched the supplies by diluting vaccine doses all thanks to special donors such as Brazil and South Sudan. This outbreak barely got any coverage or attention due to the focus being on the Zika Virus epidemic. The yellow fever virus reached Asia via workers who worked in Africa; if the virus got a base in Asia, it would have been very traumatic. The virus was spreading to major

What was usually a disease contained in regions of sub-Saharan Africa became a global worry. Although the outbreak started in Guinea, it quickly spread to two neighboring countries. From these three countries, cases were then transmitted to the United States, Spain, and the United Kingdom. No vaccine was available to stop the spread of Ebola. This deadly disease went from being a problem in only a small region of the world to being seen in three noncontiguous countries, which could have sowed the seeds of a pandemic had the cases not been contained. As a global community, we gain from our interactions with all citizens, but we must also be aware that we can also suffer from diseases that we think of as only affecting the “others.” If we do not help those “others,” we may become part of

In both Ebola Outbreak by Dabbous and A mask on the Face of Death by Seltzer they discuss the social and political problems contributing to the spread of Ebola and HIV/AIDS. These Epidemics continue to spread thought out the world to millions of people. The main areas that these diseases began to spread began in very poverty stricken countries. Not only did poverty play a role in the spread but both Dabbous and Seltzer pointed out the lack of education in the area which leads people to easily be manipulated by stories about the diseases. The cultural practices in these areas contribute majorly to the spread of the Ebola and the AIDS virus. These viruses continue to spread to other parts of the world and is hard to contain to a specific location.

Coltivirus, belonging to the Reovirus family is a genome of viruses that infect plants, vertebrates, and even invertebrates. . This virus is one of the causing agents of Colorado tick fever in North America, which has been isolated from patients with encephalitis, flulike syndromes, meningitis, and other severe complications. The main vector for the Coltivirus in North America is the Rocky Mountain Wood Tick, although the virus has also been isolated from mosquitoes, rodents, and humans. Coltivirus is a RNA virus, which means it has a ribonucleic acid genome. It exhibits a high frequency of RNA segment reassortment in its tick vector. Rodents and deer are its typical reservoir host, but other hosts have been reported.

Jeffery Reid Instructor: Mrs. McCree Course: Comm 2200 Sec # 2200-048 Date: 10/26/2014 Speech title: Ebola: The New Plague Specific Purpose: My purpose for this speech is to inform my audience about Ebola in West Africa and show parallelism between the reception of aid and treatment between underdeveloped and developed countries. Central Idea Statement: My Central ideas will focus on the history of the disease, what exactly the disease is, and the affects the illness has had on West Africa vs. developed countries like The United States. Introduction I. Attention: The Ebola virus is an epidemic that is a global threat to not only our health but to life, as we know it, which in turn, if left unchecked could eventually become a plague on humanity.

Flavivirus is a group of single-stranded RNA viruses in Flaviviridae family that are causative agents of public health diseases such as Murray Valley encephalitis and West Nile fever. Since 1917, arboviral encephalitis has some sporadic occurrences in south-eastern Australia due to heavy rainfall following by widespread flooding that caused to enhance the population of water birds and mosquito vectors (Doherty, 1977). MVEV was first found and isolated from the passed away encephalitis patients in 1951 around Murray Valley. It was called ‘Australian encephalitis’ at the time, which covered WNV/KUNV and other flaviviruses infection (Anderson, 1954). However, the investigation later suggested that these viruses are causing different diseases (Doherty

Social reproduction refers to the emphasis on the structures and activities that transmit social inequality one generation to the next (Doob, 2013). This means that once you are born into a class or into social inequality it will continue to be that way for your future and the future of your family. Class is a large category of similarity ranked people located in a hierarchy and distinguished from other large categories in the hierarchy by such traits as occupation, education, income and wealth (Doob, 2013). When it comes to education and schooling the relationship to Social Reproduction is there. Social inequality leads to a social reproduction that can affect education, the school you go to and the group of people that individuals spend time

Marburg hemorrhagic fever (Marburg HF) is a rare, critical pyrexia which affects both non-human and human primates. Marburg HF results from the Marburg virus, a distinct animal-borne RNA virus apart of the filovirus virus. The only other known member of the filovirus family is Ebola. The virus was first identified in 1976 when there was an outbreak of the hemorrhagic fever in the labs of Marburg, Frankfurt, Germany, and Belgrade, Serbia (WHO). Throughout the lab, thirty one became infected, beginning with the laboratory workers, then followed by other medical personnel and family members who tried to take care of them. Out of the thirty one people who were ill, seven deaths were reported (CDC).

I have grown up in a lower class house hold, and through schooling I have been given the opportunity to lucubrate social inequalities within our society. Through such studious efforts I have gained a desire to further not just my own knowledge, but the knowledge others too. I have been working on a sociological presentation that uses strain theory, labeling theory, Thomas Nagel's theory of moral luck, and various research on the development and upkeep of drug laws and institutional racism to elucidate the disparity of wealth, education, and opportunity for personal success seen in this country. I plan to complete this presentation and, as a guest speaker, use it to educate middle school students of this incongruity had within our society in

Yellow fever is non-contagious viral disease transmitted to humans by the Aedes or the Haemagogus species of mosquitoes. Yellow fever is known for affecting humans, but also monkeys and many other animals. The disease mainly occurs in parts of Africa and South America, however, only some countries in Africa and South America have actually had Yellow fever outbreaks. These countries sporadic outbreaks occur almost exclusively to forestry and agricultural workers who are exposed occupationally in or near forests. In Africa the virus is transmitted in three geographic regions, the moist savanna regions of West and Central Africa during the rainy season; the urban regions and Africa villages in the jungle region.

In South America yellow fever virus occurs mainly in the amazon and in contiguous states. Moreover, many cases of yellow fever reported in the coastal cities of Europe and North America are thought to be due to the introduction of the virus via slave ships from Africa. Therefore, it is likely that the multiple introductions of yellow fever into the Americas occurred during the slave trade approximately 400 years ago. (Bryant et al., 2007) Beginning in 1997 yellow fever virus was observed in Brazil in the Pará and Goiás states which then extended to Central Brazil and to other countries such as Paraguay and Argentina. Yellow fever outbreaks were also reported in Peru and Colombia both of which are endemic countries. (Nájera et al.,2013) Yellow

There exist various global epidemics whose infectious and undesirable occurrence affects communities at different times leaving unbearable effects behind. Explosive disease outbreaks cause great cases of life loss and considerable socio-economic disruptions to the economy of the affected area. Throughout the world, the populations in different continents have suffered the enormous effects of devastating pandemics. This essay will put a focus on the impact of smallpox and cholera in India. The smallpox case in the Indian states of Bihar, Orissa, and West Bengal will get analyzed in the year 1974 (Farley).The cases of swine pandemic in the same country, India, occurred in the year 2009 will get illustration alongside the effects of the outbreaks

Yellow fever is a viral infection that is transmitted by mosquitoes. This communicable disease has had an outbreak that crossed international borders within the past five years. According to WHO (2017), countries that have been affected by the outbreaks include Brazil January 2000, Netherlands February 2000, Nigeria May 2000, Liberia August 2000, Guinea December 2000, Côte d'Ivoire May 2001, Peru June 2001, Belgium November 2001, Senegal January 2001, Sudan May 2003, Sierra Leone August 2003, Burkina Faso October 2003, Venezuela September 2004, Maili January 2005, Togo December 2006, Paraguay February 2008, Central African Republic May 2008, Republic of the Congo April 2009, Cameroon October 2009, Uganda January 2011, Chad February 2013,

The existing literature on Global Health suggests that amid the spread of globalization, improvements in human health have been made over the last fifty years, but the disappearance of transnational borders has also created health risks at the international level. Research on the topic of global health indicates that real world occurrences have provoked the perceived need for cooperation in the international health sector (Skolnik 2012, pg. 336-342). Disease are not confined by state boundaries and this has led to several health issues that paradigmatically shifted international health into global health. One of the most noted events that brought attention to global health includes the HIV/AIDS epidemic. This pandemic illustrates one of the most significant challenges facing global health today-- the spread of infectious diseases caused by global factors. The movement of goods and services, and the growth of international trade have increased human mobility, thus mobilizing disease and infections as well. Current research analyzes how international trade, economic development, cultural exchanges, and human movement and travel have contributed to the prevention and control of infectious disease such as HIV, malaria, SARS, etc. (Knobler, Mahmoud 2006). The disparities between public health in developed and undeveloped nations has not been explored fully in the discipline of Global Health. By exploring historical trends of global health, this paper will attempt to theorize how

A disease that has yet to be conquered” (Barrett & Higgs, 2007). Such a quaint, simplistic phrase that yet effectively describes the disease commonly known today as yellow fever. Over the course of history, the yellow fever virus (YFV) has decimated populations in various regions all across the globe. While the overall gross impact of yellow fever has declined over the years, the virus still poses a significant threat present day, especially to those in the developing world. The World Health Organization currently estimates that approximately 200,000 cases of yellow fever occur around the world each year, resulting in 30,000 fatalities (Bundschuh et al, 2013). Presently, yellow fever remains without a legitimate cure, and the best defence against the virus lies with preventative action. WHO identifies its three major yellow fever prevention strategies as vaccination, mosquito control, and epidemic response (WHO Yellow Fever Fact Sheet, 2014). This being said, through the combined efforts of scientists, medical workers, governments, and international agencies alike, the yellow fever virus has been confined to endemic areas throughout Africa and Latin America (Barrett & Higgs, 2007, p.209). With regards to the epidemiological nature of yellow fever, geographic factors and influences clearly play a significant role. Environments, both physical and human (ie. social), directly correlate to how the virus behaves, adapts, and survives. Through the analysis its biology, its