The Spread Of The Blight

The Black Death, a horrible pandemic plague that spread through all of Europe, taking 25,000,000 people along with it. In 1347, a mysterious pandemic appeared in the city-states of Italy just as Europe was recovering from famine. The Epidemic did not end until 1351 partly due to the belief of the people that this plague was spread through the air and was gods way of punishing them for their sins. Although this plague killed many people, its effects led life to the way it is today. The three most important effects of the Black Death on Western Europe were the changing relationships between people and the church, the People beginning to express their faith and

Every forest has a story to tell. By looking closely at its habitants, that story can be interpreted. Much of this narrative is written in the trees: their age, their tolerance to shade, and the rate at which they grow are all characteristics that can imply a lot about their environment. Exploring these relationships and how they connect with each other can indicate the health and history of the land. Heiberg Forest, located in northern New York, was once used for agricultural purposes in the 1800-1900’s. (Nowak, Lecture Notes) Much of the land once used for farming was left to regrow back into a young forest. The life history of different tree species can be determined by examining the most common species in Heiberg.

Diseases have always been a threat to humans, all throughout history. One of the most destructive disease outbreaks in history was the plague outbreak which peaked in 1346 to 1353, in Europe, commonly known as the Black Death. This plague outbreak was extremely deadly and killed 30-60% of the European population at the time of the outbreak. The outbreak is commonly believed to have been caused by the bubonic plague, but modern evidence suggests that the Black Death was caused by pneumonic plague, a much more contagious and deadly infection.

Emerald Ash Borers has killed millions of ash tree and put billions more at risk. Emerald Ash Borers originated in Asia and eastern Russia was first discovered in Canada in 2002. It is now widespread in Quebec and Ontario areas. Emerald Ash Borers can be spread to various parts of Canada and USA through infested firewood trading. Therefore the government of Canada has decided to restrict infested areas. Emerald Ash Borer arrived to Canada through trading forestry products. If we had been more careful, Emerald Ash Borers would have never entered Canada. Therefore our interaction in cutting down trees to trade and trading with others has an important effect on the welfare of our forests. The interaction of receiving wood from outside our country

The ancient forests of the Northeast aren’t the only aspect of the bioregion that’s fate have been at perpetual risk since the early settlement of Europeans. There is no question that forests still dominate the landscape of Northeastern region accounting for “60% of the total land area, and in New England alone, the coverage is 80%”. Still the species that exist within the understory of the forests have undergone an equally dramatic transformation because of human interaction with the land and the harvest of its resources. Some species in the understory of the mixed forests of the Northeast have been driven out of the region, are under intense ecological pressure, are on the brink of extinction, or have already gone extinct in the region. Perhaps one of the most harmful and impactful effects colonization of the Northeast has had on the resources of the land is the introduction of non-native species and diseases into the region. Over time the overall makeup of the forests have changed drastically as an example, “…the American chestnut once made up as much as 25% of the trees in some areas and was economically the most important hardwood in the Eastern forests”. The introduction of chestnut blight at the turn of the century accounts for

Laurel Wilt Disease is a scourge here in Florida. The disease affects laurel trees all over the Southeast, with the most notable victim being avocado trees. The beetles also effect sassafras trees, pond spice trees, and swamp bays. The main cause of this disease is a fungus known as Raffaelea Lauricola that is transmitted through a beetle called the red bay ambrosia beetle (Persea Borbonia). Neither of these species are native to the area. It was brought over to the states through wooden shipping containers that had contained the beetle insect. The insect and disease came from countries like India, Japan, Myanmar, and Taiwan. The disease works by having the beetle come into the country, hiding in the wooden crates. Once in America, the beetle enters into the environment and seeks trees to bore into for food and shelter. The beetles contain spores that containing the fungus that kills the host tree. The fungus then grows in the sapwood of the tree, restricting the flow of food, sap, and nutrients around the tree. This results in die back and eventually, a dead tree. The disease is known to highly effect the avocado industry and the natural forests in Florida. Currently, 61 out of 67 counties in Florida contain reports of Laurel Wilt Disease as of 2015. That is an enormous 91%.

The black death was a silent, but deadly disease that was killing off people, with no cure. Research shows that the horrific black plague was caught and spread by rats. The plague doctors thought is was spread by smell, which was why they wore haunting masks. Instead, it was spread by rats because when the people drove out the rats from the sewers the disease spread rapidly. In other words, when there were more rats closer to people the plague was caught and spread faster. The plague was stronger than ever and nobody knew how it spread Additionally, when they killed of the rats the spread of the plague began to die off. This proves that once there were less rats to spread the horrible disease, it died off. Therefore, the plague was spread

The black plague, the foremost severe epidemic in human history, ravaged Europe from 1347-1351. This plague killed entire families at a time and destroyed a minimum of 1 village. Greatly causal to the Crisis of the Fourteenth Century, Not only did the black plague take a devastating toll on human life, but it to boot contend a major role in shaping European life among the years following. The black plague consisted primarily of plague; but plague was to boot gift among the epidemic. Symptoms of the plague capsulate high fever, aching limbs, and blood unconditioned reflex.

In the film it showed, that over time many people died, it began with twenty million deaths in Italy. After the deaths the disease began to spread more and more, like wildfire it began to spread. After a while there was a mass death of ninety-thousand people in Venice, Italy. Also fifty percent of Florence, Italy was killed because of this ravaging epidemic. Over time this disease began to spread

The spread of the Black Death across Europe in the fourteenth century had a major impact on the areas directly affected by it, but it also instilled change all over the world. Following the initial loss of life that put strains on social, political, and economic systems, the aftermath of the plague, as it is referred, brought both positive and negative changes.

This plague was more recent than the others. It occurred in 1855 to the 1950s, only in China and India it killed more than 12 million people (Frater). The Third Pandemic was still considered active until 1959 when worldwide fatalities fell to 200 deaths per year (“The History”).

During August, a plague outbreak took place in madagascar infecting over a thousand people and killing over one hundred. Statistically around sixty-seven percent were a pneumonic form of the disease, which has the capability of spreading from one to another. Another major account of a plague was the infamous Bubonic plague, which was brought forth by rats, then later spread from a mosquito bite. The plague’s symptoms mainly consist of swollen lymph nodes, fever, chills, and coughing. The plague is transmitted by a cough, sneeze, or just by breathing in the contaminated air. The person is at risk of death mostly from 12 to 24 hours.

Apple trees that produce wood suitable for smoking meat grow in all 50 states in the

Sudden oak death is caused by a fungus called phytophthora ramorum. This fungus is highly voracious and has spread to trees and plants all over California. Some estimates claim that over one million oak trees have been killed by this serious infestation. And while it does infect other plants, it rarely causes serious damage or death in them.

The word plague means a dangerous disease that quickly spreads and causes death. Alexander Yersin identified the cause of the bubonic plague. He discovered that the disease was being caused by a deadly bacterium which he named after himself, Yersinia pestis. Yersin worked with a scientist named Pasteur in France to develop a treatment to fight the plague. Yersin was the first to suggest that rats and fleas were the main cause for the spreading of the plague. Symptoms of the plague emerge after one to seven days which include fever, swelling in the regional lymph nodes in the groin, armpit, or neck. In most cases the bacterium spread to the bloodstream and central nervous system resulting in death 100 percent of the time. There are actually three types of plague; the most common was the bubonic plague. “The disease in humans has three clinical forms: bubonic pneumonic and septicemia. The Bubonic plague is the best known form in popular lore, and indeed it constitutes about three-fourths of plague cases” (Encyclopedia Britannica 3). The bubonic plague is the blame for causing the Black Death of the fourteenth century. The symptoms of the bubonic plague strike rapidly within two to five days of being bitten by a flea or rat. The first stage of symptoms includes; fever, chills, severe headache, sore throat, and muscle aches. The second stage of symptoms include; vomiting, diarrhea, seizures, and respiratory failure. The bacterium travel to the immune system and began to break it