The Status of Women in the Work Force After the Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe

Because of his efforts and the ripple-effect they created, Chinese women, who make up 49 percent of the Chinese population and 46 percent of the labor force, have obtained a higher proportion of management than women in many Western countries (Hu). While those who possess anti- communist sentiment continue to focus on societal restrictions, it is more important to recognize the benefits of the ideological underpinnings on which communism was founded and enabled to strive for equality so quickly. The newly established Constitution of the PRC and the Marriage Reform Law swiftly demolished China’s strict social structures and allowed women to escape traditional mentalities (Hu). In doing so, unprecedented progress in achieving equality was made under the communist reign, faster and more efficiently than can be touted by even today’s most democratic and free

One way women battled the discrimination was by asserting their working rights. During the industrialization era “managers deskilled production,” therefore “the ranks of factory workers [included] more and more women” who were paid low wages (Henretta, 553). However, women faced criticism of men who argued that they belong at home. Despite the opposition,”woman vigorously defended their right to work”(Henretta, 553). They also participated in the strikes to gain “higher wages and shorter hours” for their long, hard work (Drehle, 86). In general the importance of women working and participating in the

Ever since the days of the hunter gather society were prevalent, the tasks and duties of the workers were divided and gendered. Typically, men would generally perform labour intensive tasks such as hunting or building while women would carry out domestic work such as cleaning and cooking. In the last century, working-class women have played many crucial roles in the worker’s movement. Even in the Fordist era of the 1940’s, where most women were not in the workforce under the breadwinner model, working-class women had a crucial role in the household. Additionally they have made great contributions towards unionization of workers and workers’ rights.

These models work dramatically changed, and participation of women in the work carried out has increased and that among men decreased. Hermes (1987) suggests that the increase in dependence on the welfare state moved women with men in the private sphere to the state in the public sphere. So the women developed triple status: as citizens of their political rights; as customers and consumers well-being; and as workers in the state sector. This triple status of women both released their traditional relationships with men, and required newly negotiated terms with both men and

The Communist Revolution had both a negative and positive impact on the social development of China. In 100 C.E the women were controlled by their husbands. If the wife was unworthy to her husband, it was considered unnatural. The relationship between the man and woman was said to be destroyed and neglected (Document 7). In current communist china, the woman are given more opportunities to achieve their dreams and get equal rights they deserve. These rights include the

Reproductive rights and daycare became capital in soviet society as more and more women were entering the workforce and receiving an education. The direct influence of the early Soviet Rule on women’s employment was modest as the foundations for the professionalization of women had been laid on decades before the October 1917 Revolution. Furthermore, the two World Wars greatly impacted women employment by opening up new fields for them.

Over the past century, women in various, and in many cases extremely different cultures have become increasingly agitated at the value placed by the government in promoting traditional patriarchal lifestyles. This focus on men being the breadwinners of their family so that it becomes difficult for women to succeed outside domestic work, is a spark of controversy that has led to an intense examination on policy changes, or lack thereof, by governments in response to a collective women’s’ voice within their respective countries, in their quest for equality in the home and workplace. Responses to gender gap problems don’t have the same solutions around the world however. Through the “The Political Economy of Gender” by Iversen and Rosenbluth the effect modern movements have on women’s beliefs can be examined through Albert Hirschman’s ideas of “voice and exit” and further applied to situations such as those examined in “Exit, voice, and family policy in Japan” by Leonard Schoppa.

In the political manuscript, “The Communist Manifesto” (1848), the ideas of no discrimination and equality between genders were emulated and a central part of Marx’s theory, “He has not even a suspicion that the real point aimed at [by communists] is to do away with the status of women as mere instruments of production.”(Marx, 1848). Overall, Marx addresses the differences in treatment of genders such as different pay, by criticising the economic and social disadvantages experiences by women during that period.

After the Soviet Union got involved in World War II, the farming jobs left open from the lack of men had to be taken by women. The war was so extreme and impactful that the majority of the farming men had to leave their jobs. When the USSR joined World War II, many peasants were drafted. Because of this lack of men, women started to work in the fields during the 1940s. Because Stalin had no choice but to hire women in this situation, their economic equality started to arise. They became an economic majority in some fields because of these events. In fact, “Women made up half of the farmers in 1941 and four-fifths of the farmers in 1945.” Although these jobs were taken out of necessity, it gave women the chance to work in fields they never would

The position of women is often considered to have improved during the last few decades. There is, however, considerable debate as to the extent of change and the reasons for it. This essay will look at how women 's lives have changed in terms of employment, pay, education, household, sexuality and the state. I will conclude that the most important changes for women are in education, but that the basic pattern of inequality remains in most aspects of the social structure, from paid work to the household divisions of labour, from sexuality to violence.

Since 20th century, the transformation of the work standards of men and women stand out in between several social, economical, technological, and cultural changes. Till the end of 1950’s, just a little segment of women i.e. about 29% seem to work outside of their home (Charles, 2014). However, contrary to

The 1930’s through the 1960’s, which was a part of the twentieth century, was a period where women’s subordinate status in the workplace shifted. This subordinate status that women had in the workplace could not have shifted without the federal government’s view and attitude on women’s subordinate status in the workplace shifting overtime as well, which is exactly what happened between the 1930’s and the 1960’s. During this time the federal government played a very dominant role when it came to women’s status in the workplace. By the late 1900’s, women had better status in the work field than women did in the early 1900’s due to the federal government’s view on women’s subordinate status changing overtime and them being very dominant with those changes. In the early 1930’s the federal government believed that women basically did not have any status within the workplace. They saw women’s status in the workplace as being low and not important. At this time two acts were passed that tried to keep women out of the workplace as much as possible. Once World War 2 broke out in 194, the same government that tried to keep women out of the workplace were now encouraging them to enter the workplace. However even though the government was encouraging women during the war to enter the workplace, their belief about women’s subordinate status in the workplace did not change. Once World War 2 ended around 1945 the federal government stopped pushing for women to enter the workplace. By the

Women have started movements in work unions back to the early 1900s, but wasn 't a big concern till today.(Bergeron, 2015) Today the movement of labor has changed greatly and has increased in involvement with women. It is difficult for a lower educated person with a visa to look for work because they are looked at as less useful, rather than helpful to a company that doesn 't require “runt work”. Social reduction

In particular, this paper attempts to capture significant areas of concern that emerge from the literature around: women’s work, poverty and structural adjustment; household survival strategies; and growing orthodoxy and the extant critique around gender, poverty, household headship and household survival strategies.

There are several ways one can look at the status of women in any society. During the last decade at least three approaches, not necessarily mutually exclusive, were discernible. One was to examine the common demographic indicators that give an overall picture of women's relative standing vis-à-vis men. According to the 1981 census, the se ratio stood at 933 females per 1000 males. The literacy rate was 46.89 per cent for males and 24.82 per cent for females. The life expectancy at birth for females was 50 years and for males it was 50.9 years. The average age at marriage for females was 18.32 years and for males it was 23.27 years. The female work participation rate was 13.99 percent and the male work participation rate was