The Structural Frame Of Wtc 7

The World Trade Center (WTC) held fairly high regard throughout New York as a structurally sound building, but the authors of 102 Minutes beg to differ on this opinion. They use various diagrams and statistics of the incredible impact and destruction the planes caused to the building, arguments against the poor architectural design and support of the towers, and periodic timestamps to make claims and factual statements about the events that occurred. The timestamps serve as a means of the authors building suspense in their audience, deepening uncertainty in the audience which intends to move them to read further and discover the office laborers’ fates. Moments like “At 9:19… we’re trapped… there’s smoke coming in. I don’t know what’s happening”(102 Minutes 186) and when Assistant Chief Callan“stood

In this article, one of the main issues is that the tower’s structural engineer, Lee Robertson, addressed the problem of terrorism in the plans for the building, claiming he “designed it for a (Boeing) 707 to hit it”. In the center of the tower there is a central support core. This core is built of sheer concrete reinforced by 44 beams of construction grade steel, which were sealed in asbestos. When the plane hit the north tower it took a direct hit to the core, but the plane that hit the south tower went in on an angle, almost parallel to the core structure. The fuel barley grazes the core of the south tower, with most

Because of the his brilliant idea, he broke “all the standard rules of the day” in its design by using steel to replace wood to build the water tower. He explained to use the eight column were better preference to four, as it can bring the task placed upon the metal of the tank shell to transmit the loads to the post well within the limits which existing structures have shown to be safe. The height and capacity of the water tower were monumental at that time, nevertheless they were considered the requirement for a thriving

No steel-beam high-rise had ever before (or since) completely collapsed due to fires! However, such complete and nearly symmetrical collapses in tall steel-frame buildings have occurred many times before—all of them due to pre-positioned explosives in a procedure called “implosion” or controlled demolition. (22)

A secondary school child could explain a test on the subject of dormancy, effect, and influence of the huge crashes on the two 107-stories WTC 1 and WTC 2 that brought about the breakdown of the 50-stories WTC 7. The other four towers were so little it would have been impossible shake brutally enough to fall. The basic truth was that the crashes of the two planes with the upper parts of WTC 1 and WTC 2 were seen by numerous individuals and recorded on features. In that capacity, the effect from impacts at the upper part of the towers must be calculated into the reenactment, for its total power of effect, its influence on shearing the base of the structures, and its warm impact in starting the falling breakdown. Tower 7 was both sufficiently high to catch more prominent vibration than each other tower and sufficiently close to be completely overwhelmed in fiery remains, garbage, and

Out of the entire World Trade Center complex WTC 7 is the furthest away, but somehow still manages to collapse. More than 8 hours after the initial attack, at 5:21 p.m., WTC 7 collapsed in 6.5 seconds. This building was also a steel framed building and was not even struck by a plane but mysteriously falls. There is absolutely no reason for this building to fall unless except it was planned. After the buildings collapsed a scientist found traces of thermite, and explosive compound and also Thermate, which is a patented brand of thermite used in the demolition industry! WTC 7 collapsed the same way a building in a controlled demolition would collapse. It gives out in the middle causing it to collapse on itself and not letting it fall onto other buildings. A controlled demolition would also explain the seismic evidence recorded close of two small earthquakes just before the towers collapse. The only valid explanation as to how 3 steel towers could collapse, and one being unstruck is that it was a controlled demolition and the government used explosives to destroy the

Ladder 1 and 5, Rescue 1, and Car 3 by 6:18pm. At this time Incident Commander number one request dispatch to strike a second alarm due to the size of the building and with the second alarm Engines 2, 16, aerial scope 2, and car 2 are all dispatched to the scene. At 6:20pm Incident Commander number one request building information from dispatch but no building plans were ever found creating confusion on how the interior of the building was designed. At 6:26pm Incident Commander one enters the building through a door from the first floor and goes up the stairway into the second floor where the fire originated as well as Engine 13 and Ladder 1 who report that elevator shafts were engulfed into fire. Incident commander number one reports there was possibly two homeless people still in the building and at 6:31pm Incident commander number two comes on scene in Car 2. Three crews from Engine 1, Ladder 1, and Rescue 1 were inside the building reporting the spread of fire and all work their way up the stairway to the roof to cleared a skylight and had it completely vented and started to descend down the stairs while each crew performed search-and-rescue sweeps of each floor for the homeless victims and fire extension checks. They also have 2 ½ inch hose line and 1 ¾ inch hose line on the second and third floor coming up the stairway for an offensive

“The (WTC) collapse appeared to be similar to a controlled demolition” (Thomas, 07/08/2011). Many speculated that the towers were in fact blown down with explosives placed in selected locations. Some witnesses accounted hearing explosions inside the building as they attempted to escape the building. Many architects and scientists maintain that jet fuel cannot produce enough heat to melt the steel frame of the two buildings. There were no planes to hit building 7 of the trade center, but it was demolished in the same fashion as the twin towers were.

An investigation into the design flaw of two floating balconies above the atrium of the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kansas City, Missouri, is discussed in this report. The following investigation includes a closer look at disputes in design between the engineering consultants and the fabrication company, as well as an examination of load capacity. In the design, three walkways were intertwined between the second, third, and fourth floors above the hotel’s atrium (Leyendecker, E., Marshall, R., Pfrang, E., & Woodward, K., 1982). The second floor’s walkway was suspended from the fourth, which was suspended from the roof. The third floor’s walkway was hanging from the roof of the atrium, independent to the other two. When a collapse occurred on July 17, 1981, the fourth floor, which was suspended from the roof, collapsed and landed on top of the second floor. As a result, both floors crashed into the atrium at ground-level (Leyendecker, E., Marshall, R., Pfrang, E., & Woodward, K., 1982). The main causes of the collapse are questionable engineering ethics, negligence, and disputing agencies. These two factors resulted in a poor foundation with lack of consideration of large stress on the structure (Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse, 2006).

Keywords: Howard Street Tunnel fire, hazardous material, Incident Command System, Incident Commander, Span of Command, Command and control process

The World Trade Center (WTC) represented American pride and influnce. The twin towers stood 1,352 feet with 110 stories. It was finished in 1971. The morning of September 11 no one knew that four flights would be hijacked to take American lives and using two of them to bring down the World Trade Center. Yes there had been warnings that an aviation attack would happen but who knew when it would happen and how would it have been prevented. Flight 11 American Airlines (AA) hit the North Tower around 8:46 am between the

The Freedom Tower also known as “One World Trade Center” is the tallest skyscraper in the western hemisphere, and the fifth tallest skyscraper in our planet earth. The building structure consists of 104 stories can also be described as the North Tower of the original World Trade Center. The Building location is 285 Fulton Street, Manhattan New York, United States 10007, as depicted in the map below Figure 1.

Although these problems were corrected and the idea of building a skyscraper became a feasible task, there were many conditions that had to be taken into account, that did not need consideration when building a structure less than 40 stories tall. Four story buildings are supported by their own walls; however a new method needed to be created for skyscrapers since the previous building method would not provide enough support. Metal skeletal frames made of columns and beams were then developed to provide the support and strength needed for the skyscrapers. As the buildings grew taller, their structural design was made lighter and stiffer. Also, as the buildings grew taller, wind became an important issue. Normally, the force that acts on the skyscraper pushes directly downward towards the ground that would then counter balance that push. However, when an additional force acts on it, such as wind, the forces would act differently on the skyscraper. With a lateral force acting on the building, the steel columns of the frame on the windy side would stretch apart slightly while the columns on the other side would compress. Therefore, the skeletal frame built had to be made so that the structure would be free to move slightly with the wind and, at the same time, remain sturdy.

Superstructure bears the load that is being passed over the bridge and it transmits the forces caused by the same to substructure. Load received from the decking is transferred on to the substructure by Bearings. They also distribute the load evenly over the substructure material as it may not have sufficient strength to bear the superstructure load directly. Piers and Abutments are the vertical substructures which transfer the load to the earth in the foundation. Wing walls and returns are constructed as the extension of

(b) Identify the precautions to be taken to reduce the risk of injury to visitors to the