The Structure And Function Of Endospores And Capsules Work

Table 3 shows Gram stain results that indicated C. Freundii as a gram negative bacterium in rod shapes scattered in singles and some in pairs. Each gram stain produced the same results. The Bartholomew and Mittwer method of endospore staining indicated that C. Freundii tested negative for endospore formation. Table 4 shows the biochemical test results of the unknown and the official test results for comparison.

Bacteria are small, unicellular prokaryotic microbes. They have many morphologies, which include rod-shaped, spherical, spirals, helices, stars, cubes, and clubs. Classification of bacteria begins with either aerobic (requiring diatomic oxygen for growth) or anaerobic (not requiring O2 for growth). Bacteria can simply be narrowed down to gram positive (organism that stains purple or blue by Gram stain) or gram negative (organism that stains red or pink by Gram stain). Many physical and nutritional factors influence bacterial growth. Physical factors include temperature (psychrophiles, thermophiles, and mesophiles), pH (neutrophiles, acidophiles, and alkalinophiles), O2 concentration (aerobic

coli bacteria affects bacterial growth and gene expression in several environmental conditions. To begin, two micro test tubes were labeled; one with +pGLO and one with -pGLO. 250 µl of transformation solution was added to each microtube, with use of a sterile pipette. Afterwards, the pipette was placed in a bleach solution and the microtubes were placed into the foam rack and onto crushed ice. Next, a colony of bacteria was removed from the starter plate with a sterile loop and thoroughly mixed within the +pGLO microtube. This step was repeated with a second sterile loop and the -pGLO microtube. After their use, all loops were placed in the bleach solution for decontamination and the microtubes were returned to the foam rack and ice.

“While motility is commonplace among the prokaryotes, it is important to note the variety of structures responsible for motility. These structures vary depending not only on the organism in question, but also on the particular environment” (Bardy, Ng, & Jarrell, 2003). “Study of the bacterial flagellum has provided insights into many aspects of prokaryotic cellular activities including genetics and regulation, physiology, environmental sensing, protein secretion and assembly of complex structures” (Bardy, Ng, & Jarrell, 2003). “Continued study of all prokaryotic motility structures will provide knowledge that is likely to reach far beyond the topic of motility and pathogenicity” (Bardy, Ng,

Gram negative and gram positive bacteria differ from each other in many ways especially in the composition and size of their cell walls. Unlike Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer surround by an outer membrane. This outer membrane contains many proteins one of them being lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which contributes to the bacteria’s negative charge. One part of this protein is a lipid, called Lipid A, which is considered an endotoxin because this lipid triggers an immune response stimulating fever

The researchers were tasked to investigate phenotypic changes in Paramecia. Paramecia are single celled organisms that have appendages attached to their bodies called cilia. The cilia help by allowing a Paramecium to move away from toxins, and towards a food source. The cilia are important because their water environment lacks movement. In the lab, the Paramecia were grown in flask that contained the wheat media, and the bacteria, Klebsilla pneunomiae, was inoculated into the flask. The wheat media was the ideal environment for a Paramecium to grow; Klebsilla pneunomiae was the food source for the organism. The researchers maintained cultures of Paramecium before they introduced the mutagen caffeine. The students believed that if a culture

For millions of years’ bacteria have been surviving to their environments and been at war against other microorganism. This wars have lead them to creating an unstoppable arsenal of weapons they can use to survive. Unlike virus that need a host cell to survive, bacteria can survive anywhere since they can share their DNA with each other. This allows bacteria to survive in places like radioactive waste, zero oxygen environments, and even in absolute darkness. Unlike human beings who are born with a specific genetic code, bacteria have the capability of changing that code. Bacteria have three methods of evolving themselves in order to survive the harsh is of conditions. The three methods are called horizontal gene transfer. The first is Transformation, but some pathologists call it the “Funeral Grab”.

Bacterial symbionts are predominant among organisms that shape the biological world (Hurst 1993, Wernegreen 2004). Some of the bacterial symbionts that have an inordinate influence on the health and evolution of their hosts are those bacteria that live within their symbiotic hosts, so-called endosymbionts. Bacterial endosymbionts are the focus of current research programs by the National Institutes of Health (Human Microbiome Project, http://www.hmpdacc.org/) and the National Science Foundation (The Symbiosis, Defense, and Self-recognition Program).

There was no difference between the control plates which proves that the lid on the plate serves as significant protection, potentially shielding the bacteria to the mutagenic effects the UV light. All three plates were incubated at 25 degree Celsius. The first Control plate showed lots of red and furry growth and the original pattern of swiping was observed in all the quadrants. The second control plate was also observed to have furry and pigmented red growth in all the quadrants, despite being exposed to UV light due to the plate lid during exposure. The experiment plate showed the most interesting results, in the 10 second UV exposure quadrant the bacteria had red pigmented growth but it is speckled, pinpointed and the original swipes were not observed. Moreover the growth seemed not as furry and robust as the control plates. The quadrant exposed to 20 sec of UV light showed significantly less growth than the 10 sec quadrant and the colonies are pinpointed with several beige colonies in between the red speckles. Original swipe pattern of the bacteria was not observed in this colony. In the quadrant exposed to 30 seconds of UV light, the differences are even more significant as the colonies are few and far in between and only several pinpoint red colonies found with a few beige colonies and some colonies with red centers surrounded by beige. The effects of UV light are very drastic in the 40 second quadrant as the growth is severely diminished with only a

For example, V. parahaemolyticus cells induced into the VBNC state by exposure to cold temperatures happened to be more resistant to thermal inactivation (42 and 47 °C), low salinity, and acid inactivation (pH 4) (Wong, & Wang, 2004). Koga and Takumi (1995) reported that V. parahaemolyticus cells in the starved state became more resistant to subsequent environmental stresses such as heat (47 °C) or osmotic

Bacillus subtilis is rod-shaped and has the ability to form a tough, protective endospore, allow the organism to tolerate extreme conditions. Some uses of Bacillus subtilis includes using as a model organism for laboratory studies. It can also be genetically modified to convert explosives into harmless compound of nitrogen, water and carbon dioxide. (Wikipedia, 2010)

Endeca Technologies is a software company that established by Steve Papa on September 4th 2001. In the case, the company is currently looking for a Series C round funding to reduce the expected pre-money valuation multiple times because of the NASDAQ had fallen. In the end, the company got a rough pre-money valuation of $25M. At this time, there are two different term sheets that each of them contains some pros and cons putting in front of Papa to let him choose. Overall, Papa should choose the first term sheet because the benefits in that term sheet are more than the second term sheet, and at the same time it has less cons.

As indicated by the theory of endosymbiosis, convincing confirmation recommends that chloroplasts were once primitive bacterial cells that shaped an endosymbiotic relationship with other prokaryotic cells. Over numerous years of development, they have turned into a perpetual piece of their host cell and could no longer exist

E. rhusiopathiae is an incredibly virulent gram positive, rod shaped, facultative anaerobic, (Brooke and Riley, 1999) bacteria that can live outside its host for incredibly long periods of time (Wang et al., 2010). Although it’s not a spore forming bacteria, it can survive in any environment where nitrogen (or nitrogenous matter) is decomposed (including marine locations); some studies say it can survive in soil for 35 days, while other say it can survive in the right soil forever (Wang et al., 2010).

In all areas of biology, it is easy to see that structure is related to function. This statement holds true in microbiology as well, the study of microorganisms, including bacteria. One characterizing feature of bacteria is the cell wall, which can generally (although not in all situations) be categorized into one of two categories: either Gram positive or Gram negative. Gram positive bacteria’s cell walls are composed of a large peptidoglycan layer (up to 90% of their cell wall). Within this large peptidoglycan layer, one can find techoic acids, which contribute to the maintenance of cell wall structure, and lipotechoic acids, which attach to membrane lipids. Gram positive bacteria that act as pathogens can also potentially release exotoxins, which can have very dangerous effects on humans. Gram negative bacteria, on the other hand, have a very small layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall, which is surrounded by an outer membrane. Within the outer membrane, one can find the lipopolysaccharide layer, which is one of the most distinguishing factors of Gram-negative bacteria. It is important to note that Gram negative bacteria fail to possess techoic