The Structure And Function Of The Human Musculoskeletal System

The tibiofemoral joint, commonly referred to as the knee joint, is composed of five major ligaments. The patellar ligament, which extends from the quadriceps tendon, attaches to the tibial tuberosity and holds the patella in place. The fibular collateral ligament, also known as the lateral collateral ligament (LCL), attaches to the lateral femoral epicondyle and the fibular head. The tibial collateral ligament, also known as the medial collateral ligament (MCL), attaches at the medial femoral condyle and the tibia, superior and posterior to the pes anserine. The LCL and the MCL work together to stabilize the knee during flexion and extension, preventing it from bending laterally and medially, respectively. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) attaches to the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia and the posterior intercondylar area of the femur to prevent displacement of the femur. The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) attaches to the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia and the anterior intercondylar area of the femur to prevent displacement of the tibia posteriorly (Drake, Vogl, and Mitchell, 2012a).

The musculoskeletal system provides support for the body as it provides protection, protecting the body from any possible damage. The limbs of the body, e.g. arms, legs, hips and shoulders help support and keep the body held up. Many other bones support different parts of the body such as the rib cage supports and protects all the organs which are located inside the rib cage, such as the heart, lungs, kidneys and others. The shape of the skeleton allows us to cope with

The purpose of this article is to compare the laxity and stiffness of the knee joint in male and female cadavers. Three different directions will be evaluated, anterior-posterior, internal-external, and varus-valgus. Females are at a two to eight times greater risk of an ACL injury than a male. This is due to the laxity in the joints. Females also have limited proprioception in the knee joint, which may attribute to some injuries. This study used a technique using cadaver knees to complete this study.

For the human joint anatomy project, our group decided to research and construct the elbow joint. The following is a report and summary of the project including roles taken, challenges faced, solutions derived, and ultimately, contribution and experiences of both partners.

A test on the functional anatomy of the ACL by Amis showed that the different functional bundles of the ACL contribute to resisting anterior subluxation of the knee during flexion and extension. The ACL also plays a role in stabilization against rotatory loads (Petersen, 2006). Rotary loads occur in the knee when a force causes the turning of the tibia and/or femur inward or outward. Due to the connection of the ACL to both of these bones, it aids in stabilizing them and preventing their sliding (Tortora, 2009)

Christopher et al , 2008 stated that the knee is the largest joint in the body and is a relatively unstable and intricate joint with numerous tendinous, ligamentous, and meniscal attachments, which makes it particularly vulnerable to complex injuries after trauma. ( 85 )

Christopher et al , 2008 stated that the knee is the largest joint in the body and is a relatively unstable and intricate joint with numerous tendinous, ligamentous, and meniscal attachments, which makes it particularly vulnerable to complex injuries after trauma. ( 85 )

In biomechanics, “the human body is viewed as a machine, or mechanical system, subject to the restrictions of the laws of physics. The body is broken down, figuratively of course, into a collection of body segments which include the forearm, foot, thigh, and so on. Connected to one another by pivoting joints, they are moved by muscular and/or extremely applied forces. The idea is to study the human body in action as it goes through some particular movement in order to isolate the various individual motions that make up the activity, to measure the speeds of body segments and the forces that act on them, and in general to acquire accurate data on all aspects of the movement.” (Brancazio, 1984, p.18) It has been estimated that approximately a hundred different

Junior MT, Fancello EA, Roesler CR, et al (2009): THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF HUMAN KNEE JOINT MECHANICS: Acta Ortop Bras; 17(2):18-23.

Purpose/Hypothesis: Incidence of second ACL Injury after ACL reconstruction is 17 times higher than healthy uninjured peer athletes. There is high interest in understanding and correcting LE mechanics during single leg landings as the majority of injuries occur during single leg tasks. Strengthening and motor control of the proximal hip musculature has been emphasized to improve pelvic stability and reduce injury risk. Alternatively, decreased load acceptance at the knee may contribute to excessive hip drop during landing. Those with ACLR consistently demonstrate quadriceps weakness and reduced knee extensor moment during landing. Our aim is to

Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate and evaluate the potential developments in 3D reconstruction of the knee’s anatomy, specifically the knee’s ligaments, for patient surgeries.

It is know that the musculoskeletal physiology is different for men and women, with women generally having less muscle mass and bone mass. It is also know that when astronauts come back to Earth after a mission they experience change in the neuromuscular and musculoskeletal system due to the unloading of microgravity. One article I found talks about the effect of gender and sex on adaption to space. It is noted that beyond 2 weeks of unloading, women experience greater loss in whole muscle volume and fiber area, mainly type II fiber. At the same time, type I fiber loss is shown with preferential atrophy in both men and women (Ploutz-Snyder et al., 2014). Decreased muscle mass or atrophy results from protein degradation induced by unloading.

The musculoskeletal system is a made up of the muscular system and the skeletal system. The skeletal system provides the internal framework for the body, it protects the organs by enclosing it and anchors skeletal muscles so that the muscles can contract thus causing movement. The skeleton is divided into two divisions: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton (Taylor & Cohen, 2013, p. 94). The Axial skeleton are the bones that have formed the longitudinal axis of the body which is made up of the skull, the vertebral column and the thoracic cage (Taylor & Cohen, 2013, p. 98). The Appendicular skeleton are the bones of limbs and griddles that are attached to the axial skeleton (Taylor & Cohen, 2013, p. 103).

Anatomical and tracking markers are used in infra-red light motion analysis to measure 3D displacement of tracking markers attached to Abnormal loading of the knee can cause knee joint injuries or disease. Tracking markers are placed on each thigh and shank laterally by adhesive coban tape to reflect infra-red light for tracking. Infra-red light is emitted by 9 cameras which are also responsible for detection of the reflected infra-red light. Anatomical markers are used as reference point for anatomical calibration by using a marked pointer. Anatomical markers are typically placed at the medial and lateral epicondyle gap. 3 bony landmarks can be marked to establish a segmental body axis system. Coordinates of the 3 segmental bony landmarks to tracking marker axis systems within the global coordinate system can then be related together. By assuming rigid body, fixed bony axis systems are then developed in relation to the tracking marker axis systems. Finally, during the walking trial, position of tracking markers relative to the global coordinate system can be measured.

Have you ever thought about how humans would be without bones? They would not be able to function the way that they do now if it did not have bones. The skeletal system is a highly important system in the human body, it functions as support, protection, and creation of red blood cells. This system is composed of bones and joints, an average adult contains 206 bone and an average child contains 270 bones because as a person grows the bones fuse together to create a single bone. The skeletal system is divided in to two major category: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton has 80 bones in the midline axis which contains the bones of the head and the trunk; while the appendicular axis has 126 bones which include the bones from the limbs, pectoral and pelvic regions. There are only a few select bones that are mainly affected by the Paget disease these include the pelvis and the tibia which belong to the appendicular axis; however, other bones that could be affected are the femur, spine, skull, clavicle, and fibula.