The Structure And Function Of The Nervous And Muscular System

Spinal Muscular Atrophy is classify as an interneuron abnormality and loss of the anterior horn cells in the spinal column. SMA is categorized into three subtypes with the classification embedded on the motor milestone achieved. Spinal type I (Werdnig-Hoffman disease) child is to weak that they never learn to sit, type II child learn to sit but never learn to walk without assistive device, and type III (Kugelberg-Welander disease) child can walk independently (Tecklin, 2015).

This disease affects the nerve cells by enabling them to send electric impulses to the muscles which ultimately makes the muscle wither away and stop working. The nerves targeted are actually

The National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) says that MSUD happens to males and females at the same rate. The risk of having any form of MSUD depends if your parents have this disorder or not. If both of the parents have the disorder, each child has a 25 percent chance of getting two mutated genes and getting MSUD, the child would have a 50 percent chance from getting one normal gene from each parent. The parent or parents are not able to pass on the gene to their children if they have two normal genes for MSUD. (Healthline,

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disease that weakens one’s muscles. DMD is inherited through an X linked pattern due to the gene carrying the DMD mutation is on the X chromosome. The male population are affected by DMD almost exclusive. There is a one in two chance that a male offspring will have DMD if their mother is a carrier of the mutated gene. Every boy inherits an X chromosome from their mother and a Y from their father. If a boy inherits the mutated gene, then they will definitely have the disease because they don’t have a second gene to make up for the faulty one. Female with DMD are very rare in comparison to their counterpart. Girls inherits two X chromosomes, one from each parent. When a girl inherits

Muscular Dystrophy (MD) is a disease that can be defined as a group of genetic traits that includes deteriorating by the voluntary muscular and/or skeletal movements. Other organs such as the heart are another example of an involuntary muscle that can easily be affected by the disease. Muscular Dystrophy can effect anyone - child or infant, and even middle age to older adults. The overall severity of the disease depends on when it decides to show up. Some factors are simply the age of the individual, the current condition or strength of their muscles, how fast the disease progresses, and as well genes. Most do are not fully aware of the severity of the disease, nor do they know that there are nine different types out there. Some types of Muscular Dystrophy affect males.

What is Muscular Dystrophy, or MD for short. Muscular Dystrophy is a hereditary disease that effects the muscles which controls movement weaken overtime, and in some cases will affect the heart and other organs. Symptoms can show up in those as young as infants and can stay in those in the middle ages or older. There are nine major forms of MD including: Myotonic, Duchenne, Becker, Limb-girdle, Facioscapulohumeral, Congenital, Oculopharyngeal, Distal, Emery-Dreifuss. The form and severity vary by the age that MD occurs. Some types of MD will affect mostly males, while some people with MD will enjoy a slow progression with mild symptoms, but on the otherhand, others will experience swift and severe weakening, dying in their late teens and early 20’s. More than 50,000 Americans are affected by various types of MD.

Pathophysiology: This form of muscular disease is caused by a deficiency in motor neuron proteins called SMN or survival of motor neurons. These proteins are necessary for normal motor neuron function. The deficiency is caused by a mutation on chromosome 5 in the gene called SMN1 most commonly. The adjacent SMN2 genes can sometimes compensate for deficient SMN1 genes. Recent research has found that the lack of SMN may, also, affect muscle tissue directly and not just motor neurons.

Spinal muscle atrophy, also known as SMA, is a genetic disease that takes the physical strength of people. It affects the motor nerve cells in the spinal cord, leaving the people who are affected unable to walk, eat, and sometimes even breath on their own (Izenberg, 2016). Most of the nerve cells that control muscles are located in the spinal cord, this is why it is spinal. It is muscular because it affects the muscles. Atrophy is the medical term for getting smaller and that is what happens when they are not used (The Muscular Dystrophy Association, 2016). When an individual has SMA they are not using their muscles as much or at all. That is how Spinal Muscle Atrophy got its name.

Muscular dystrophy is a combination of diseases passed down through genes identified by progressive degeneration of the skeletal or voluntary muscles.(Alicia Foose,PhD, Patricia Ardovino,PhD,2008, p.141). This occurs due to mixture of hypertrophy, atrophy, and necrosis muscle cells. The muscle fibers increase in muscle size and results in muscle weakness while the muscle undergoes necrosis, fat and connective tissue replace the muscle fibers.(Sheila Grossman, Carol Mattson Porth,p.461).There are nine types of muscular dystrophy according to Alicia Foose, and Patricia Ardovino“Duchenne, Becker, Emery-Dreifuss, Limb-girdle, facioscapulohumeral, myotonic, oculopharyngeal distal, and congenital.”Each disease

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a generic, lethal condition characterized by an inability to will voluntary muscles as desired. The motor neurons responsible for exciting muscular contractions are deficient and loss of usage in voluntary muscles results in their atrophy. Characterized early in life, children with SMA exhibit difficulty in early voluntary muscular activities such as crawling, sucking, imitation of facial expressions, and breathing. Three stage of SMA exist: SMA I for children younger than six months, SMA II for children between 6-18 months of age, and SMA III for all remaining children.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic neuromuscular disorder involving degeneration of anterior horn cells in the spinal cord due to a deficiency of SMN protein produced by the SMN1 gene. While this is an extensive topic, the following paper attempts to provide an overview of relevant aspects and treatment strategies of interest.

The first written account of Muscular Dystrophy occurred in 1830, composed by Sir Charles Bell (Audrey S. Penn, 2001). His essay, along with many other accounts, display instances of younger boys getting progressively weaker, losing the ability to walk, and dying at extremely early ages. These diagnostics continued to become more frequent up into the late 1800s and early 1900s. As these symptoms were being researched and observed it soon became prevalent that this disease can affect all people of any sex or age.

Myotonic Dystrophy Type I, also known as Steinert’s disease or Dystrophia Myotonica (abbreviated DM1) is the most common form of muscular dystrophy. Hans Steinert was the first to describe the disease in 1909 when he noted atrophy of multiple muscles in patients with myotonia(Steinberg and Wagner 2008). Batten and Gibb of Britain also described wasting of stenomastoids, vastus internus and forearm muscles as well as difficulty releasing grasp in their 1909 paper (Batten and Gibb 1909). Fleischer in his genealogical examination was first to note that the gene does not cause disease in the first generation. This is followed by occurrence of more symptoms in the succeeding generations, starting with senile cataracts, presenile cataracts and finally muscular atrophy (Harper, Harley et al. 1992).

Although there are many other functions that the muscular system performs, there are three main basic functions. They are motion and movement, stability, and thermogenesis. These functions are important. Motion and movement are how the muscular system helps move substances within your body. For example, the muscular system help with digestion. Smooth muscles in the muscular system helps the process of digestion. Stability is how the muscular system help stabilizes your body position. Using the skeletal muscles, the muscular system helps to stabilize the skeleton to help with our body position. The skeletal muscles help with joints that are to weak to fully support the body. Thermogenesis is how your muscular system helps the body to maintain

Even though the brain is the major control center if the body, its job would not be possible without the spinal cord. The spinal cord is the major organ that helps information travel between the body and the brain. Nerves branch in the peripheral system from, either the brain stem or spinal cord, each nerve attaches to a specific area of the torso and limbs it 's responsible for communication to and from those regions. There are three very important