The Structure Of New Zealand Society

As liberalism ideology evolved and championed by the economic leaders, it pose a threat to the existing social settings such as the presence of the nobility, and the church. The attempt to defend existing social arrangement is what brought about conservatism. Conservatives stood against the ideas of liberals in a rational for maintaining existing traditional political structures and the centralization of power. They stood against transferring political responsibility to the common people under the disguise of equality (Shively, 2014).

The further development of industrialisation led to social and economic inequality. This led to a revision of classical liberal ideas to prevent the spread of ignorance and poverty. It is suggested that modern liberals have betrayed classical liberal ideas as they embrace collectivism and diverge from classical liberalism on issues such as freedom. However, it can be argued that modern liberals have simply built on classical liberal ideas such as its commitment to the individual.

Neo-liberalism is associated with economic liberalism whose campaign support provides economic liberations, free trade and open markets, privatization, deregulation and promoting the role of private institutions present in new society. Classic liberalism criticizes the neo-liberalism objective of introducing liberalization to bring about gradual increase of wealth and freedom among nations, however, classic liberalism explains that instead of realization of wealth and freedom, liberalization resulted to constant fight proposals that threatened the progress of achieving wealth and freedom among nations. Neo-liberalism aimed to prevent and control monopoly situations such that if there are no bodies

(http://www3.ul.ie) like liberalism before, neo liberalism proposes free markets, this encourages privatisation and deregulation of international trade and commerce. Neo-liberalism believes in the freedom of the individual and that they are responsible for their own welfare, George & Wilding (1865) explain that society should be politicised through a set of maxims, the key being that the individual would be better at performing and undertakings that the state would have previously performed, as a result placing responsibility on the individual for their own welfare. (http://www3.ul.ie/). Neo liberalists believe that state owned companies are not efficient, they push for the market to be moved from a public sector to a more private one where all individuals will benefit and the economy will develop economically. (Lundqvist, 2001, pp.

Part 1 of the book highlights chapter 1 and 2, which talks about politics and the consequences of incarceration while chapter 2 talks about the politics of being punished within the united states, some sub topics between chapter 1 and 2 include problem ownership, philosophies, historic changes with the corrections policy throughout time and the economic impact of being incarcerated. Chapter 2 talks about the process in which politics can affect the outcome on crime and punishment, throughout the 1960s the criminal justice system has changed a lot especially correctional professionals who have brought issues to crime and its political forefront.

The United States prison population has grown seven-fold over the past forty years, and many Americans today tend to believe that the high levels of incarceration in our country stem from factors such as racism, socioeconomic differences, and drugs. While these factors have contributed to the incarceration rate present in our country today, I argue that the most important reason our country has such a high incarceration rate is the policy changes that have occurred since the 1970s. During this time, the United States has enacted policy changes that have produced an astounding rise in the use of imprisonment for social control. These policy changes were enacted in order to achieve greater consistency, certainty, and severity and include sentencing laws such as determinate sentencing, truth-in-sentencing, mandatory minimum sentencing, and three strikes laws (National Research Council 2014). Furthermore, I argue that mandatory sentencing has had the most significant effect on the incarceration rate.

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Typically Liberalism can be categorized into two different strands, Classical and Modern (yet some thinkers advocate a third strand that is referred to as Neo-Liberalism), each characterized by their differing and to some extent unavoidably overlapping attitudes regarding the theory behind the ideology and how it should be put into practice. Prior to examining how these relate to one another and before making any comparisons, it is important to give a definition, as best as possible, of Liberalism as a concept.

The New Right has significantly revised the relationship between conservatism and tradition, however. The New Right attempts to fuse economic libertarianism with state and social authoritarianism. As such, it is a blend of radical, reactionary and traditional features. Its radicalism is evident in its robust efforts to dismantle or ‘roll back’ interventionist government and liberal social values. This radicalism is clearest in relation to the liberal New Right, which draws on rational theories and abstract principles, and so dismisses tradition. New Right radicalism is nevertheless reactionary in that both the liberal and conservative New Right hark back to a 19th century ‘golden age’ of supposed economic prosperity and moral fortitude. However, the conservative New Right also makes an appeal to tradition, particularly through its emphasis on so-called ‘traditional values’.

During the period of 2002 to 2014, the imprisonment rate in Australia increased while at the same time the crime rate decreased. This essay will aim to give reasons and theories as to why this apparent disparity between the rising imprisonment rate and decreasing crime rate exists. To do this, the purposes for punishment will be examined, how and why this purpose of punishment has changed over time, the sociological and criminological theories that best explain this disparity, and finally the implications on society through these criminal justice trends. However firstly we will examine the statistics that prove this disparity.

Neo-liberalism is the economic belief that free market forces achieved by minimising government limitations on business provide the lone route towards economic growth shifting control from the public sector into the

Biculturalism has a massive role in Aoteaora New Zealand’s society and has a massive impact in its history. Having a clear understanding of it is crucial in order to be more appreciative of how diverse New Zealand’s society has become, and it also helps us discern the negative aspects of diversity and multiculturalism. By examining and understanding biculturalism, it helps us discern the Treaty of Waitangi’s role and influences in the human services provision here in New Zealand.

The New Zealand government at both a Local and National level is an excellent example of a modern, Representative Democracy. Different election systems, including First Past the Post (FPP), Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) and Single Transferable Vote (STV), are used to allow electors to select representatives to sit on Councils, Boards and in Parliament. Some elements of Constitutional Monarchy are present in the New Zealand system of democratically elected representatives within a constitutional Monarchy contrasts well with the dictatorship of Robert Mugabe in Zimbabwe.

The Purpose of this report is to understand the culture and values of New Zealand culture in terms of their living condition, behaviour, society, aspect, ethics, rules, regulations, greetings, treating, food and environment. I will be focusing on the main cultures of New Zealand as it is a multi cultural society.

New Zealand’s freshwater fish population is unique, with endemic species constituting 92% of the species present (McDowall, 1990). The Galaxiidae family consists of over 50 species (McDowall, 2006) grouped into seven genera, two of which, galaxiids (Galaxias spp.) and mudfish (Neochanna spp.), are present in New Zealand (McDowall, 2012). At least 25 species of endemic galaxid and mudfish have been identified, making Galaxiidae the largest taxonomic group of freshwater fish in New Zealand (McDowall, 2012), and fossil records show they have remained unchanged since the Pliocene (McDowall, 1976). Galaxiidae are only found in the Southern Hemisphere, and they have been observed living in and around New Zealand, Australia, South America and South Africa (McDowall & Frankenberg, 1981). McDowall, a notable authority on Galaxiidae fish, describes them as “unusual in that they are mostly small, benthic [resting on the bottom], riverine, largely nocturnal, diadromous [able to live in fresh and salt water], and cryptic”. The bodies of the fish are covered with star-like spots, reminiscent of a galaxy, which inspired the name Galaxiidae (Fitter, 2009).