The Structures And Functions Of Different Lipocalins

Tachylectin-5A is an ellipsoidal molecule that is an asymmetrical monomer, which is subdivided into three different domains that interact with each other (2). The primary structure of Tachylectin-5A constitutes 269 amino acid residues (1). The amino acid composition of this protein has a cis-peptide bone between Arg-218 and Cys-219 (3). It contains one protein modification called prryolidone carboxylic acid, which is the twenty-fourth amino acid in the sequence (1). And the secondary structure of the protein consists of 16% alpha helical and 24% beta sheets. There are 9 helices with 44 amino acid residues and 19 beta sheets with 66 residues involved in total (1). The

Goldstein also studied that the level of LDL in the blood is inversely related to the LDLR activity. The LDL binds to the receptor via its principal surface protein called apolipoprotein B-100. The receptor, with it’s acquired LDL, then enters the call. This process is called Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis. When the number of functioning receptors is diminished because of a receptor mutation, LDL with its load of cholesterol

Summary of Lipid Dynamics Project. Lipid membranes are highly dynamic. Lipid membranes are highly dynamic. In 1972, Singer and Nicholson introduced the mosaic bilayer model, which suggests that membranes are two dimensional homogeneous liquid. Nowadays with a better understanding of the dynamics occurring at the molecular level of membranes, we are aware of their transverse and lateral heterogeneities. Studies suggest the existence of the so called lipid rafts. These are sub-domains with unique lipid and protein composition, in general with high concentrations of cholesterol and glycosphingolipids. They are believed to play an important role on cell

The morphology and functions of specialized cells within tissues such as muscle requires the unique organization of the actin cytoskeleton this actin cytoskeleton rely on actin network, vinculin, to locked the filamentous actin (F-actin) to the membrane.1 Vinculin is a structural protein that plays an important role in multiple protein assemblies linking the extracellular matrix to actin cytoskeleton.2 Vinculin is an 116 kDa cytoskeletal protein linked to cell-matrix and cell-cell junctions. It is said to work as one of a few interconnecting proteins required to secure the F-actin to the membrane. Vinculin has a helical head and tail domains attached by a flexible proline-rich linker.3 The head and tail domain mingle in an autoinhibitory manner, blocking binding to a significant number of prospective ligands.4 In addition to vinculin, there is metavinculin (MV), which is a splice variant of vinculin. MV is a muscle-specific splice of vinculin and is expressed in smooth and cardiac muscle tissue. MV is linked to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) deficiency which is a form of heart disease.

Surfactant is a surface-active substance that is made of lipids and proteins that cover the alveoli and stabilize it and also protect the lungs by reducing the surface tension of pulmonary fluids (the amount of energy that is required to increase the surface of a liquid due to its molecular interaction bonds), that’s why alveoli don’t collapse when gas is exchanged in and out of the body (1). Phospholipids take up 80-85% of surfactant’s weight, and 40-50% is in form of disaturated (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, DPPC). DPPC is in control for the surface tension decreasing the capability of surfactant. Surfactant is also composed of phosphtidylglycerol, phosphatiylethanolamine, sphingolmyelin, and cholesterol. Phospholipids in surfactant

This causes glucosylceramide to accumulate in the body. Scientist have been trying to figure out a way to combat this. Eliglustat is that answer. Glycosphingolipid synthesis and degradation relies on glucosylceramide for its base cerebroside to make more complex glycosphingolipid. The glycosphingolipid pathway starts with ceramide and UDP-glucose making glucosylceramide via glucosylceramide synthase which will then be used to make Ceramide via β-glucocerebrosidase and eventually Ganglioside GM2 and GM1. Now on a histology level glucosylceramide accumulate in lysosomal compartment of macrophages which gives rise to foam cells or “Gaucher cells.” Eliglustat blocks glucosylceramide synthase cause a decrease in level of all glucosylaceramide based glycospholipids (J. A. Shayman, 2010).

One of the causes is referred to as lipofuscins (lipopigments), which occurs in the body’s tissue when there is a buildup of lipofuscins. Lipopigments are made up of fats and proteins, which end up building up in the cells of the brain and the eyes, as well as in skin, muscle, and other tissues. These lipopigments are found inside lysosomes. Lysosomes are used to get rid of things that become damaged or are not longer needed and to clear the inside of cells. When the lipopigments get together they form a peculiar shape, which can be seen under an electron microscope. Some look like half-moons, others like fingerprints (Mole, S. , & Cotman, S., 2015). When doctors do observations these different shapes help doctors diagnose patients and may identify the specific gene defect. To this date, eight genes have been linked to the different forms of batten

Lipase is an enzyme used in the body to break down lipids. It specifically breaks down the fats in the food you eat, so they can be absorbed in the intestines. Lipase can be produced in the pancreas, mouth, and stomach. Fat makes up nearly 20 to 30 percent of a healthy person’s diet, so lipase obtains a crucial role in every person’s body. Too much fat can lead to heart disease and other illnesses, while not having enough can also lead to many serious illnesses such as diabetes, high cholesterol, muscle spasms, or a spastic colon.

Sample preparation: purified protein and cell lysate have been already and denatured in Laemmli sample buffer and are in His-tagged DHFR, GST-tagged DHFR, Myc-Flag-tagged DHFR aliquots. Control lysate is provided by TA. Wear goggles before to hreat samples for 2 minutes at 95˚C. Centrifuge samples and load gel at room temperature. Obtain an aliquot of the each of the following: 1X Laemmli buffer and Kaleidoscope prestained protein standard (Bio-Rad

Cholesterol is usually misunderstood in the general population. Cholesterol is not dangerous in itself but rather the accumulation of lipoproteins is the concern. Dietary lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol esters cholesteryl esters and fat-soluble vitamins. These nutrients require special types of biochemical machinery to facilitate their assimilation and distribution within the body. The biochemical apparatus used includes bile salts, apolipoproteins, serum albumin, and vitamin binding proteins. Lipoproteins are large enough to be called particles. A particle can be defines as a piece of matter that when suspended in fluid or gas it scatters light or appears cloudy (Brody, 1995). Lipoproteins are assembled in the small

Apo E play a role in lipid metabolism through maintaining the structural integrity of lipoproteins, serving as cofactors in enzymatic reactions, and acting as ligands for lipoprotein receptors (Eichner et al., 2002), (Chaudhary et al.,

LDLR is known otherwise as the low-density lipoprotein receptor. Genes in the LDLR instruct for making the proteins. The LDLR is responsible for delivering cholesterol lipoprotein particles into cells (Leitersdorf & Coetzee, 1984). Lipoprotein particles are bound at the cell surfaces by the receptors, and released in the endosome at low-pH. The LDLR is not only responsible for delivering but also for removing the lipoprotein particles from the bloodstream to inhibit their over accumulation (Leitersdorf & Coetzee, 1984). Mutations in the LDLR affect the healthiness of an individual. Familial hypercholesterolemia is an autosomal dominant disease that is caused by mutations in the LDLR gene encoding. Osteoporosis another major health problem is

ATP binding cassette (ABC) proteins are transporter proteins located throughout the cells’ membranes, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. They are responsible for the translocation of specific molecules across membranes using energy from ATP. In addition, they are responsible for certain processes like DNA repair and translation of RNA. Also, ABC proteins transport many substrates across intra- and extracellular membranes such as metabolic products, drugs, lipids, and sterols. Specifically, the ABC1 protein has been found to increase the expression of cholesterol by increasing the addition of high density lipoproteins. The mutation of these proteins can lead to serious defects. (Source 1) (Source 2)

Most of the choline found in the body is contained in fat molecules called phospholipids, most of which are called lecitihin or phosphatidylcholine. These molecules are important as structural components of cell membranes.

Ceramides are an example of a family of cellular lipids found in the cell membrane (Yasuda et al., 2001). Ceramides are synthesised at the endoplasmic reticulum from precursor compounds and are transported to the Golgi apparatus for conversion into one of several sphingolipids (Yasuda et al., 2001). The transport of such compounds is highly selective if not specific (Kumagai et al., 2005; Yasuda et al., 2001). Inhibiting transport is a useful tool in investigating the role of substrates (Yasuda et al., 2001) and makes an attractive target for biochemical manipulation of the cell (Ueno et al., 2001).