The Study Of The Pilot Study All Have Remarkable Educational Backgrounds

Research has shown that there are several organizations and active advocates who are working on pain management problems to face this public health issue. The following establishments involve: The American Academy of Pain Medicine, Institute of Medicine, and American Pain Society and many for-profit and nonprofit organizations are also working at different level towards pain management. Most specifically, the IOM has been devoted to studying pain and its consequences on individuals, the healthcare system, as well as on government (IOM, 2011).

·  What conclusions did the study reach? Are the conclusions appropriate? Why or why not?

What was the background for the research study? That is, what previous knowledge did the author describe as a foundation for the study in the “review of related literature”?

The study design is a mixed methods approach to understanding the depth and reliability of pain reporting within dementia patients. Previous research, like that conducted by

What search terms did you use to locate this research study to analyze? What database did you use? What was your rationale for selecting this particular study to analyze over the others identified in the search results? What is the full reference for the study in APA format?

What was the background for the research study? That is, what previous knowledge did the author describe as a foundation for the study in the “review of related literature”?

There are some limitations to this literature review. One limitation is some of these studies may be outdated being that they are from the 1990s (i.e: Dulit et. al, 1990; Miller et. al, 1993; and Dougherty et. al, 1999). Another limitation is some of the studies were not randomized samples (i.e: Miller et. al, 1993 and Tragesser et. al, 2013). If samples are not random this could mean the results are bias.

In other to make the treatment of TBI more comprehensive and holistic other system of care has been adopted. One of such system is the VA Polytrauma System of Care. Within the Polytrauma System of Care are Rehabilitation Centers which provides “direct care and consultation, as well as research and education related to polytrauma and TBI” (Bagalman, 2011). Each center is staffed with a “rehabilitation physician, registered nurses, social workers, speech-language pathologists, physical therapists, occupational therapists, recreation therapists, a neuropsychologist, a counseling psychologist, and a family therapist, among others” (Bagalman, 2011) in other to provide a comprehensive care for veterans with TBI.

Many OEF/OIF Veterans are experiencing anxiety, depression and insomnia, often related to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD ) — one of the “signature injuries of OEF/OIF” (Institute of Medicine [IOM], 2012, p. 8). The Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) as well as the Registered Nurse (RN) in the VA outpatient mental health system must expand their knowledge and practice beyond pharmacological management of mental health to include evidence based psychosocial interventions that can benefit the OEF/OIF veteran. The first clinical research article under review is a study entitled, “Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Psychosocial Interventions for Veterans of the Military” (Kitchiner, Roberts, Wilcox,

The treatment of military veterans in the United States, following a return from service, falls to a network of Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals where occupational therapy practitioners are employed in both inpatient and outpatient settings. This means that a veteran who has suffered a TBI could begin to receive occupational therapy treatment as soon as they awaken from a coma or as soon as they are admitted for treatment. As with most TBI rehabilitation settings, the VA hospitals compile a multidisciplinary group of professionals to comprise a client’s treatment team. Depending on the severity and exact nature of a veteran’s injury, the treatment team could include any number of the following individuals: an occupational therapist, speech therapist, recreational therapist, psychologist, physiatrist, psychiatrist, and a doctor. Often those military veterans being treated in a Veterans Affairs hospital for a TBI have also experienced other injuries of a physical and psychological nature, ranging from amputations to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). It is the traumatic brain injury, however, that seems to open

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious  mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC:  U.S. Government Printing Office.

Another obstacle to controlling pain in said population is that there is an “increased prevalence of cognitive, sensory-perceptual, and motor problems that interfere with a person’s ability to process information and to communicate [as

Symptoms were assessed with self-report measures of PTSD (PTSD Checklist) and depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II) before and throughout therapy. Mixed linear models were utilized to determine the slope of reported symptoms throughout treatment, and the effects associated with fixed factors such as site, treatment setting (residential vs. outpatient), and TBI severity were

The most common reason that people seek medical care is pain, and pain is the leading cause of disability (Peterson & Bredow, 2013, p. 51; National Institute of Health, 2010). Pain is such an important topic in healthcare that the United States congress “identified 2000 to 2010 as the Decade of Pain Control and Research” (Brunner L. S., et al., 2010, p. 231). Unfortunatelly, patients are reporting a small increase in satisfaction with the pain management while in the hospital (Bernhofer, 2011). Pain assessment and treatment can be complex since nurses do not have a tool to quantify it. Pain is considered the fifth vital sign, however, we do not have numbers to guide our interventions. Pain is a subjective expirience that cannot be shared easily. Since nurses spend more time with patients in pain than any other healthcare provider, nurses must have a clear understanding of the concept of pain (Brunner, et al., 2010). Concept analysis’ main objective is to clarify ideas, to enhance critical thinking, and to promote communication (Rodgers & Knafl, 2000). This paper will examine the concept of pain using Wilson’s Steps of Concept Analysis (Rodgers & Knafl, 2000).

The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage” (1979). Pain is actually the culprit behind warranting a visit to a physician office for many people (Besson, 1999). Notoriously unpleasant, pain could also pose a threat as both a psychological and economic burden (Phillips, 2006). Sometimes pain does happen without any damage of tissue or any likely diseased state. The reasons for such pain are poorly understood and the term used to describe such type of pain is “psychogenic pain”. Also, the loss of productivity and daily activity due to pain is also significant. Pain engulfs a trillion dollars of GDP for lost work time and disability payments (Melnikova, 2010). Untreated pain not only impacts a person suffering from pain but also impacts their whole family. A person’s quality of life is negatively impacted by pain and it diminishes their ability to concentrate, work, exercise, socialize, perform daily routines, and sleep. All of these negative impacts ultimately lead to much more severe behavioral effects such as depression, aggression, mood alterations, isolation, and loss of self-esteem, which pose a great threat to human society.