Altitude Training Essay

Hypoxia is one of the major problems associated with this increase in altitude. This is due to the fact that the partial pressure of oxygen decreases proportionately with increases in altitude. Carbon dioxide that is continually excreted from the pulmonary blood to the alveoli along with water vaporizing in the inspired air from the respiratory surfaces dilute the oxygen in the alveoli which cause the oxygen concentration to decrease.

Kenney et al, (2012) indicates that with the help of oxygen it helps the body break down subtracts with to generate cellular respiration. Muscles need a steady supply of energy to continuously produce the force needed during long-term activity. The aerobic system has a larger energy-producing capacity than any of the other energy systems; therefore aerobic metabolism becomes the dominant method of energy production during endurance activities. This then will place quite a demand on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to deliver oxygen to the active muscles.

The altitude that this stage could happen in is between 5000 to 11400 ft.(3) "The body generally has the ability to stave off further effects of hypoxia by increasing the rate and depth of ventilation and cardiac output ".(1) The respiration rate, blood pressure, and the heart rate can rise up in this stage.(2) the arterial oxygen saturations in this stage is between 80 and 90 percent.(1)

The fourth, and most significant, response to training that a touch football player would experience is a change in their oxygen uptake. Maximal oxygen uptake, or max VO2, is considered by professionals to be the best guide for cardiorespiratory

During exercise there is an increase in cardiac output, which corresponds to an increase in maximal oxygen consumption. With the increase in oxygen consumption, a greater increase in blood flow occurs. This means there is more oxygen circulating in the blood for the tissues to take up. Due to the increase in blood flow, vasoconstriction of arterioles occurs to maintain mean arterial pressure (Bassett & Edward, 1997). This limits oxygen consumption because some of the blood flow is directed to the brain and skin. It is further pointed out that the heart is another limiting factor because it determines how much blood and oxygen are supplied to the muscles especially when blood flow exceeds maximal cardiac output (Bassett & Edward,

At higher altitudes, the amount of air pressure is reduced. If there is less air pressure this means there is a lesser amount of oxygen present. With the oxygen levels decreased, you have to breathe faster and deeper to get the amount of oxygen you would normally have at surface level.

This results in increased energy expenditure, fuel mobilization and oxidation for energy extraction, oxygen consumption, respiratory rate, and heat production and release (Dauncey.,1990). The stimulation of the respiratory rate would intuitively lead to greater ROS production but, the relation between these two variables is not linear. Instead, ROS production depends largely on the mitochondria. Mitochondria are the primary intracellular site of oxygen consumption and the major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), most of them originating from the mitochondrial respiratory chain(Armstong &Jones.,2002). Although THs do not directly determine the respiratory state of the mitochondria (Katyare and Raian.,2005), stimulation by THs by augmenting ATP breakdown by different energy-consuming mechanisms in the cell (Dauncey.,1990) and thus increasing ADP availability. This would be expected to decrease ROS production. However, THs also promote a reduction state in the cell by increasing fuel availability and extramitochondrial production of ATP and NADH, which in turn promote reduction of the components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain

These results are due to metabolic rates and the need for homeostasis which is driven by the production of CO2 (Mason, 2015). The results suggest that the values obtained in the normal ventilation condition for PO2, PCO2 and %O2 are consistent with the proposed values 100 mmHg, 40 mmHg and around 98% (Silverthorn, Johnson & Ober, 2013, p. 590). This is due to arterial gas composition being approximately equal to alveolar gas composition (Silverthorn, Johnson & Ober, 2013, p. 590). The breath-hold after hypoventilation condition resulted in an increased CO2 intake into the lungs due to breathing deeply. There was a decrease in PO2 and %O2 and increase in PCO2 as arterial PCO2 rose because metabolic processes continued without a new intake of air into the lungs. This disturbance of respiratory homeostasis hinders the ability to hold one’s breath (Mason, 2015). CO2 decreases pH of extracellular brain fluid, which stimulates central chemoreceptors, causing a break-point in breath-hold (Moreira, Takakura, Colombari & Guyenet, 2006). CO2 is detected very quickly in the blood (respiratory acidosis) by peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid and aortic bodies) (Miller, Cunningham, Lloyd & Young, 1974). The respiratory centre is controlled by chemoreceptor response, which then re-establishes respiratory homeostasis, by inducing a change in ventilation (Haldane & Priestley, 1905). However, the hyperventilation pattern, which involved shallow breathing, caused an increase in PO2 due to greater accumulation rate of O2 and larger O2 store in the lungs. A reduction in arterial PCO2 and increased expiration of CO2, increased %O2, which explains why there was a reduction in PCO2 (Lindholm &

The body needs more oxygen during exercise because the muscles need to produce more energy for the body to become more active. During exercise, the body’s muscles send messages to the brain that they require more oxygen. Then the brain sends signals to the diaphragm and the muscles between the ribs, which are the muscles responsible for controlling breathing, and allows them to shorten and relax more often. Clearly, an active body needs more oxygen than a body at rest. The reason for this is because of a complex chemical process in your muscles and your bloodstream.

Muscles: Muscles are a perfect place to store oxygen. However, if an apneist has too much muscle, he can burn oxygen too quickly. Competition athletes ensure that your muscle mass is ideal for your body type. With aerobic exercises they train their muscles to use oxygen more efficiently and prolong the time they can remain under water.

Notwithstanding, acclimatization to high height isn't basic, and there are a couple of different impacts that could offset a portion of the advantages. For instance, the expansion in red platelets includes some significant pitfalls - having an excessive number of platelets makes the blood thicker and can influence blood to stream slower. This will make it harder for Sarah's heart to draw blood around the body and can diminish the measure of oxygen getting to where it is required. At high elevations more noteworthy than 5000m, It winds up noticeably less demanding to shed pounds because of your body utilizing your muscles to give vitality. There is even a hazard that Sarah's insusceptible framework will end up noticeably debilitated, prompting an expanded danger of contaminations, and there might be antagonistic changes in her synthetic cosmetics of the muscles. Furthermore, the body can't practice as strongly at elevation. This outcome in diminished preparing force, which can lessen execution in a few games. At high elevations, advance issues are experienced: loss of craving, restraint of muscle repair forms and over the top work of relaxing. Over this, there is the issue of height sicknesses, which can drastically decrease the ability to be dynamic at elevation, or foreshorten the presentation to high height by and

1. The Air Force Fitness Program should remain in effect in the future due to its ability to provide physically fit Airmen. Airman in the United States Air Force must remain physically fit to continue supporting the mission and continue with their careers. Although the Air Force has evaluated the system for errors, flaws remain within the system including medical waivers and the evaluation of the abdominal circumference. In August 2015, the Air Force updated regulations on the Physical Fitness Program to assist Airmen and further incorporate physical fitness into their lives in a positive way.

It is known that as altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases, as does the partial pressure of oxygen (Hall Table 44-1). That same table demonstrates that the partial pressures of both oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli decrease as well. However, the alveolar water vapor pressure remains unchanged—constant at 47mmHg no matter the altitude (Hall 561). The most deleterious result of these factors is that less oxygen is being delivered to the tissues. Fortunately for me, Guyton and Hall says that altitude has a relatively insignificant effect on arterial oxygen saturation at 9,000ft (Hall Figure 44-1). It is not until 10,000ft that arterial oxygen saturation begins to steeply decline. The physical affects of acute hypoxia according to Hall are “drowsiness, lassitude, mental and muscle fatigue, sometimes headache, occasionally nausea, and sometimes euphoria. These effects progress to a stage of twitchings or seizures above 18,000 feet and end,

Human physiology is adapted to living in the Earth’s atmosphere and a certain amount of oxygen to breathe. The primary challenge faced by astronauts is the lack of oxygen and pressure in space. The minimum partial pressure of oxygen that can be tolerated is 16 kPa (atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa), below which the astronaut is in danger of dying from hypoxia, a medical condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply (Harding 27). In the vacuum of space, gas exchange in the lungs continues as normal but results in the removal of all gases from the bloodstream. Furthermore, blood and other body fluids boil at the pressure below 6.3 kPa, resulting in the formation of gas bubbles in body fluids, a condition called ebullism (29). However, most spacesuits provide sufficient oxygen pressure to sustain full consciousness. Another crisis that astronauts face in space is the rapid compression (sudden drop in pressure of a sealed system). The risk of fatal rupture of the delicate alveoli of the lungs is low, however, rupture of eardrums and sinuses; shock caused accelerated oxygen consumption lead to barotrauma and hypoxia (29).

Physical alterations within the cardiopulmonary system begin to be substantial over an altitude of 2500 meters. However, the human body can use both short-term and long-term means to adapt to high altitude, and even beyond that will allow the body to partially compensate or even fully compensate for the lack of oxygen. But, there is also a limit to the level of adaptation and compensation that can take place. Once an altitude of or above 8,000