“It’s not what you know, but who you know.” The phrase has been amongst the business community for years. Certainly long enough for many to question the requirement of any business practicality to achieve success. Models of mediocrity “failing up” the corporate ranks because of their personal connections can be found in almost any professional environment. So much so it begs the question of how far back the practice exists. J.F. Bosher’s conclusions on the reasoning of the success and failure in the New France trade during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are inconclusive at best. Yet, the professor of history at the University of Toronto to his best summation is that the right religious association or social stature could have undoubtedly influenced prosperity. However, in Bosher’s study of fifty-eight bankruptcy cases between 1660-1760, he is quick to argue that there is no definitive evidence that point to one direct cause for financial ruin. Rather multiple conditions including chance that contributed to the fates of trade families. These complexities included war, the government, volatile economic trends, and religious/social structure (Bosher 458). Ultimately, many merchants turned to partnership through marriage or religion as means of establishing a trade network in an attempt to minimize those risks. Dr. Catherine Briggs of the University of Waterloo would agree, and point out that the fur trade was not a profitable one for many, nor was it a
The fur trade was the major economic source for New France. Women played a role in the fur trade and aided it in becoming successful for both French and Aboriginal. The European women’s main job was to prepare their husbands by making
The fur trade was a significant part of Canadian history. With the founding of the Hudson's Bay and Northwest Company during the1670's, the fur trade managed growth and development all the way into Western Canada until 1870. The fur trade was unique, for it was the only industry that was based on an exchange of goods between two very different groups of people (namely, the Indians and the Europeans). Although most people think of the fur trade as being a male dominated industry, Indian women also played very important roles in the industry's development. However, the women's experiences differed in relation to
Whether you are referring to early Israel in the Bible, the transatlantic trade during the 1600s, modern times, slavery has found a way to rear its ugly head in one way or another. It would appear that a person being a chattel to another person, as Merriam-Webster defines slavery, has been around for practically an eternity. Not only has it been –and still is –present, but slavery has been worldwide. No matter what type of slavery –forced labor, debt labor, sex slavery, or child slavery- the topic has proven to be very controversial in history. For American history in particular, slavery is one reason the Civil War began in 1861. In addition to the Civil War, multiple court cases have risen from this culture of forced labor. Cases like
President John Adams had sent several delegates, one of them being John Martial, to France to help sort out the issues between France and the US, such as the United States not honoring the Franco-American Treaty, formed back during the American Revolution, when France had its revolution, by meeting with minister Talleyrand of France. Three of Talleyrand’s men met with the delegates and told them Talleyrand refused to meet unless a large amount of money was payed. The delegates returned home and informed President Adams, who was outraged. The name of the Affair comes from the substituting of the three French men’s’ names with X, Y, and Z in a Congress report.
"All men are created equal. They are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights; among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness."
Before 1760, a Canadian society was developing a replica of the western world by building on the ideas of agriculture and commerce. The agriculture settlement in New France was organized by the use of the seigneurial system. The seigneurial system in Europe created a complete framework for hierarchy and the economic relationship between landlords and tenants. But in Canada, it wasn’t all that successful as the system was mainly used for organizing settlement and to work for the lands. In the past, early Canada was characterized as a rural, agriculture society. This prevented the recognition of small industries under the French regime. But nonetheless, most members of the colony engaged in some sort of entrepreneurship. The Conquest was indeed
Throughout the 1800’s, commerce and the need for trade was at a rapidly growing pace, as it would be in the years to come, and the dawn of a new century was beginning to bloom. Being only a few decades after the Revolutionary War (the turning-stone in American history,) tensions were tight between both Britain and America. American and British businessmen and leaders of shareholders were pushing to transport and receive goods from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans as quickly as possible. As the situation was beginning to arise into the minds of the governments, a need for an alternative route that was both a faster and more efficient approach to delivering items to foreign countries was escalating swiftly. Occurring throughout the course
England, France, and Holland were competitors in trade in the New World. England had the upper hand in this competition due to their colonies in the Americas and policy of mercantilism. The colonies supplied England with products from the New World that the English would need to buy from a competitor if they did not receive it from the colonies. Parliament issued regulations on mercantilism to guarantee that England would have more incoming wealth than outgoing money. The first regulation was the Navigation Act of 1651 which stated that all trade must be run through England. Other legislations declared England to be given the most power and control over the trade. Wheat exports from the Middle Colonies flourished in 1750, after a rough growing season in England. By the late 1760s, a great amount of goods were imported. A large majority of male colonists worked in a field dealing with trade from England. By 1770, the populations of
In 1534 the French navigator and explorer Jacques Cartier entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence and took possession of New France for King Francis I.
The seventeenth century was the beginning of the French migration. The first Frenchmen to come to America was a group of Protestants, trying to escape religious persecution. Because of their beliefs, “[t]he Catholic royal family felt threatened… [T]he French government issued a general order urging the extermination” of this group of people (Benson). In order to save the lives of
The American and French Revolutions were profoundly motivated by economics. Prior to the Revolution, British colonies in America were thriving. Colonists paid fairly few taxes and were permitted to participate in domestic economic activity, granted they adhere to the Navigation Act, an act requiring, “that all trade within the empire be conducted on ships which were constructed, owned and largely manned by British citizens. Certain enumerated goods whether exported or imported by the colonies had to be shipped through England regardless of the final port of destination.” (Baack) Its mother country however, was not analogous. England’s debt had nearly doubled due to their victory over France during the 7 Year War and was frantically
The seigneurial system of New France played a central role in the formative years of the North American French colonies, as it provided the systematic framework of settlement in the Canadian countryside. This essay will discuss as well as critically analyze the issues surrounding the subject of “the seigneurial system.” The primary source is an 1844 sketch by J.P. Reneault Blanchard of the seigneurie of Saint-Hyacinthe located in New France. Although the seigneurial system was suitable to New France during its in the colonies’ developmental years (Trudel 20), there were faults within the system that created disadvantages which affected the economy and society. While the semi-feudal system of land tenure provided guidance and structure to the
There were many early expeditions from Europe to North America, most in search of a
It is generally accepted by historians that there was a crisis' that blanketed all of Europe during the 17th century. A myriad of revolts, uprisings and economic contractions occurred almost simultaneously and had a profound impact on the socio-economics of the entire continent. The topic for discussion in this paper is the effects that this crisis' had on Europe and its developments. In particular, the focus will be on Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm, and his theory that the 17th century crisis was the catalyst for the transition from feudal society to capitalism in England and ultimately the genesis of the industrial revolution. Hobsbawm argues that it was the crisis of the
Before Marie Antoinette married Dauphin Louis XVI in 1770, the situation in France was already beginning to become disordered. The peasants, which made up about 90% of the population at the time, were treated unfairly and began to feel frustrated and upset with the Monarchy. At the time, Marie Antoinette was distrusted because of her foreign birth and many of the peasants saw her as the source of their problems and disliked her. She was often seen in the past as a bad Queen due to her careless spending and seemingly frivolous lifestyle, now with more evidence and sources, opinions have shifted. Many see Marie Antoinette as a victim of her own circumstances, as it can be seen by the state of affairs in France before her arrival, her upbringing and public opinion before her death during the French Revolution. This essay will illustrate that Marie Antoinette was indeed a victim of her circumstances.