The Swarm Based Routing Algorithms

A VANET network is a subset of ad hoc networks where each mobile node is an intelligent vehicle equipped with communication

A routing protocol is required to find routes between nodes within the network. We are presenting two different routing protocols and their evaluation and then provide a comparison and discussion of their respective advantages and drawbacks. ABR (Associativity Based Routing) and RSR (Robust Source Routing) protocol. In ABR protocol, a route is selected based on nodes having associativity states that imply periods of stability. The ABR protocol is suitable for mobility in ad hoc wireless networks. Whereas the RSR is secure, on-demand, multi –path, source routing protocol.

The Ad-hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes which can communicate without each other with the help of wireless. There is no former communication infrastructure in MANETs [1]. There is no fixed infrastructure and centralized control in MANETs therefore nodes can communicate the network at any time. All nodes are supposed to be equal in processing power. All node can act either as a host or as a router to direct the packet from source to destination in the network. All nodes acts as routers and are capable of discovering and maintaining routes to propagate packets to the destinations.[2] There are lots of advantages promised of network in terms of cost and flexibility compared to network with infrastructures. Ad-hoc network are used for a great variety of applications such as data

Where as, in the multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks, one or more intermediate nodes are present, which receive and forward packets through the wireless links. These networks’ have several advantages as compared to the single local wireless links like improved connectivity, extended coverage, less power and energy, cost effective higher data rates and more efficiency.

MANETs have dramatic differences with Cellular Networks (another kind wireless network). The basic difference is Cellular networks have pre constructed structure made of fixed and wired nodes. These fixed and wired nodes are called as base stations. The base stations played a role as access points, and communication between two nodes completely depend on wired backbone and fixed base stations. In a MANET no structure exists, hence these are called structure less networks.

ABSTRACT: An ad hoc network is a collection of nodes which are dynamically located in such a manner that their inter connections might change on continual basis. A routing protocol is required, to facilitate communication inside the network by discovering routes between the nodes. This research paper classifies various protocols and provides an overview about eight different protocols under varied categories.

MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network) is a infrastructure less network and connected without wired in the network. It is self-determine in any direction and also changes the connections from one system to other system. The MANETs are mobile and is a type of wireless ad-hoc network that has routable networking on top of the link layer. It contained peer to peer file sharing, self-healing, and self-forming the network.

Abstract - Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) comprises of several tiny, low-cost, resource constrained sensor nodes. These nodes are placed in harsh environments and generally are used for air pollution monitoring, water quality monitoring, industrial monitoring, health monitoring and more. Routing is difficult in such surroundings primarily due to the unique constraints the wireless sensor networks suffer from. Wireless sensor network is highly dynamic, making existing routing protocols ineffective. This paper concentrates on energy efficiency of the protocols. Both the protocol presented are hierarchical and cluster based. Both have sensor nodes and a base station (BS). The BS selects the Cluster Heads (CH) among themselves. CH is the elected sensor node which passes on the sensor data collected by sensor nodes of its cluster to either BS or other CH. All candidate nodes for becoming CH are listed, based on the various factors like relative distance of the candidate node from the Base Station, outstanding energy level, possible number of neighboring sensor nodes the

VANET integrates on multiple ad-hoc networking technologies such as Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), WiMAX (IEEE 802.16), Bluetooth, ZigBee etc. for easy, accurate, effective and simple communication between vehicles on dynamic mobility. In the past decade, VANET research has addressed all the layers, physical to application to support the design of new possible applications for the society. VANET is an appropriate network that can be used in intelligent transportation systems and in many social

Rapid deployment of mobile users will be the need for the next generation wireless communication systems. A mobile ad-hoc network is a collection of mobile users that communicate over constrained wireless links with lower bandwidth. Network scenarios which include establishing dynamic communication for emergency/rescue operations, survivable, efficient, disaster relief efforts and military networks cannot rely on organized and centralized connectivity.

Ad-hoc networks are said to be temporary because of the fact that they can be deployed very easily without the dependence on the pre-existing infrastructure. They have ability to change the routes of the data at a rapid speed and the routing from source to destination often includes multi-hops.

Vehicular networks consist of in-vehicle networks and vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). The in-vehicle network consists of several Electronic Control Units (ECUs) connected to each other using different communication protocols like Controller Area Network (CAN), Local Interconnect Network (LIN), etc. [3]. The in-vehicle network helps in implementing applications like climate control, engine management, transmission etc. VANETs include vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication and vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication; the combination of which enables in making driving safer and better.

Abstract Vehicular communication based on short-range wireless technology opens up novel applications improving road safety and travel comfort. Ad hoc networking enables a direct communication among cars as well as between cars and road-side communication devices. Geocast is an ad hoc routing scheme which is specifically considered in Europe as a core networking concept for future CAR-2-X systems. It provides wireless multi-hop communication and allows for geographical addressing and routing. This paper describes advanced concepts and mechanisms to deploy

A mobile wireless sensor network, shortly WMSN, can be defined as a wireless network of a sensor nodes that are mobile. Motivation behind a mobile wireless sensor network is to capture real world data and convert them so it can be transferred, processed, stored and later studied or analyzed (Guo, 2014). The MWSN is usually a combination of two or more technologies such as mobility, wireless connectivity and the ability to gather local information. The mobile wireless sensor network is usually deployment of a large number of small, inexpensive, self-powered nodes and receiving station (Kumbhare, Rangaree, & Asutkar, 2016). These MWSN can be effectively used for civil and military purposes.

A wireless ad hoc network is the collection of mobile nodes, without any requirement of centralized access point. Every node in the network, act as a router and packet forwarder. Now days, the ad hoc networking is used for the commercial uses. There are the many applications of the ad hoc networks, ad-hoc network are using in the military and it is also using for the other security operations. The secure routing is the biggest issue in the ad hoc routing applications. In ad hoc networks it is very difficult to design the security due to its unique characteristics. The characteristics of ad