The System : A Scale Up Study Done By Fei Zhang Et Al Essay

With the Pacific Ocean lining the California coast line some may ask why can’t sea water be filtered and used as a source of free water. This is actually an alternative that has been researched and even put into use in places such as the Netherlands, Aruba, the Middle East and even right here in the U.S. This process is called desalinating seawater. Saltwater in its pure form cannot be used for drinking water and is deadly to plants, however if it goes through the process of desalinating it can be used. With California desperate for water Carlsbad, California decided to construct a desalinating plant. An article on NBCNEWS website states that the plant can produce “50 million gallons of freshwater a day from the sea and pour it into a water system that serves 3.1 million people”

Today, desalination is a common process that's used in seaside cities and towns worldwide. There are more than 15,000 desalination plants around the world providing freshwater from salt and brackish water alike (Planet Green 2011). This number continues to grow as researchers work to improve the process, both in terms of cost effectiveness and energy efficiency (DSE 2011). But countries such as Australia, Israel and even the United States are continually adding desalination plants of various sorts into their water-management portfolios. The facilities are common in North Africa and the Mideast, where freshwater is scarce (Chandler 2008).

-Article 1- Ghaffour, N., M. Missimer, T., & L. Amy, G. (2013). Desalination (Technical review and evaluation of the economics of water desalination: Current and future challenges for better water supply sustainability) (Vol. 309, pp. 197-207). Thuwal.

Desalination has been used for hundreds of decades, Greek sailors heated water to evaporate fresh water away from the salt and other minerals, and the Romans used some clay filters to trap salt. Today's urbane methods still mostly use the concepts of distillation or filtration. The procedure of desalinating sea water to produce drinkable fluid has a long and gorgeous history. Nevertheless, the first significant modern desalination process to perform was multi-stage flash distillation type (MSF) it is a process that originally started during the mid-20th century in the USA (1955). Moreover, even though multi-effect distillation had been revealed and had the potential to be more effective than multi-stage flash desalination (MSF), it took a

When examining the process of desalination there are several advantages and disadvantages of the process that need to be examined, starting with the advantages. One of the major advantages of this process according to Gude (2016) is having the option to use renewable energy for the process instead of using fossil fuels. He states this is better for our environment and there will always be access to the wind, solar, or wave energy being produced compared to our fossil fuels which already are at a risk of running out. Haddad has also stated that renewable energy resources are better for our environment compared to fossil fuels, as they reduce our carbon footprint and the risk of climate change. Another advantage that can

“Forward Osmosis (FO) can help to reduce the costs of desalination…,” while also “achieving the indirect desalination of seawater at reduced energy and costs.” (Quintanilla, Li, Valladares, Li, Amy, 160) One of the major issues that was being faced during the Water Desalination process was the amount of energy that was being used to run each and every desalination plant. Forward Osmosis uses only fifty percent of the energy used by higher pressure desalination processes. (Quintanilla, Li, Valladares, Li, Amy, 160) This overall uses far less energy which therfore uses far less money to run the desalination plants. Something that is very differnet in Forward Osmosis than in other ideas that were proposed to help reduce the cost and the amount of energy used in the plants was how the water was being used. In the process of Forward Osmosis, secondary water is used. In simpler terms, Forward Omsosis uses “wastewater” as a feed water and water from the Red Sea to draw a solution of a more pure and clean form of water. (Quintanilla, Li, Valladares, Li, Amy, 160) This process of reusing water and filtering so to speak demonstrates that the technology being used in Forward Osmosis is very trustworthy and promising. The key

As world population increases along with demand for clean water desalination will become an increasingly important part of our water supply in the 21st century. We will not run out of water but we will pay more for receiving it in potable

Big scale desalination is a procedure through which sea water is pumped to a treatment office where the salt is extricated through a procedure of reverse osmosis to make the water fit for household use. San Diego County is at present developing the biggest desalination plant in the western side of the equator, at an expense of $1 billion. That plant, situated in Carlsbad, will give enough safe water to around 300,000 individuals, and will serve as a noteworthy test of the practicality and cost of utility-scale desalination innovation when it starts operation in November.

Desalination is the removal process of dissolved salts from seawater. Drawing from the largely non-fresh water which is present on the planet, this process renders such otherwise unusable waters to be fit for various human purposes. Despite the inherent energy, or the large financial expenses required to desalinate saltwater, ongoing research enables the improvement in desalination. This paper explores, discusses, and reviews the research done over the past few years regarding desalination, largely focusing on the research done by Cohen-Tanugi et al., beginning in 2012. The main focus of desalination research is based in the development of the reverse osmosis (RO) process, where the creation and use of Nanoporous Graphene (NPG)

Freshwater is the most essential renewable resource for life, food production and industrial development. It is expected in the future soon the clean water resources will be deducted by one-third. The difficulty to purify water and the high cost to transport aggravates the problem of water deficits. Therefore, the exploitation of seawater and brackish-water desalination has drawn unprecedented attention. Desalination is a possibility choice to produce drinking water from Saline water, although most desalination processes are energy-consuming and expensive. The main desalination technologies currently used are reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and distillation. A drawback of the conventional desalination technologies is the intensive consumption of energy. Whereas, energy consumption has increased with an enormous trend In the last decades. Fossil fuels are a common type of non-renewable which include a huge portion of energy consumption. Despite of being nonrenewable, fossil fuels also negatively affect the human life by the emission of carbon dioxide. This limitation turn energy crisis eyes into renewable energy sources such as solar energy or energy produced from wind and water. As a result, one of the lately suggested alternative energy sources is fuel cell (FC). FC has several advantages over other types of energy generators such as zero pollution and higher efficiency.

There are many theories of human behavior that are used in Social Work Practice. One of the human behavior theories that best relates to my research topic is the systems theory. Ludwig Von Bertalanffy was the first person to use the systems theory in 1949, but was not looked at by social workers until the 1960’s (Rogers, 2013). The systems theory helps us view human behavior through the results of active interactions between individuals and their social systems. Simply meaning that this theory helps provide a broad look at the client’s problems in his or her life. The basic tenets of this theory are that in order to understand human behavior you must look at the systems involved in the individual’s life because the systems are the central idea behind this theory (Rogers, 2013). Once you have established the systems involved in the person’s life you will then focus on each system individually and develop subsystems.

Desalination has been used for thousands of years - Greek sailors boiled water to evaporate fresh water away from the salt and Romans used clay filters to trap salt. Today's sophisticated methods still generally use the concepts of distillation or filtration. The process of desalinating sea water to make it drinkable has a long and rich history. However, the first large-scale modern desalination process to appear was multi-stage flash distillation (MSF) during the mid-20th century in the USA (1955). Furthermore, although multi-effect distillation (MED) had been discovered and had the potential to be more efficient than MSF, it took a while longer to make the MED process efficient on an industrial scale and this did not occur until 1959 when

Distillation is perhaps the one water treatment technology that most completely reduces the widest range of drinking water contaminants. Without safe water or sanitation, people are trapped in a cycle of poverty and disease. Across the developing world, millions of women are wasting precious time collecting dirty water, children are dying from preventable diarrheal diseases, and communities have open sewers running through them. Salt water is desalinated to produce fresh water suitable for human consumption or irrigation. Salt water makes a person thirstier and eventually would make you suffer from dehydration. 2.5 billion People in the world do not have access to adequate sanitation, one in three of the world’s population. Using desalination can help lower this number by a ton because it can open these people to a cleaner and more sanitized life. There are varying degrees of salinity in water, which affects the difficulty and expense of treatment, and the level of saline is typically measured in parts per million (ppm). The U.S. Geological Survey provides an outline of what constitutes saline water: 1,000 ppm – 3,000 ppm is low salinity, 3,000 ppm – 10,000 ppm is moderate salinity, and 10,000 ppm – 35,000 ppm is high salinity. Water that contains saline levels less than 1,000 ppm is generally considered fresh water, and is safe to drink and use for household and agricultural purposes. For a reference point, typical ocean water contains about 35,000

Given that the ocean holds 97.2% of Earth’s near-surface water, desalinization of seawater is the first option that comes to my mind that could be viable. Especially in arid and semi-arid areas including the Middle East, Persian Gulf, North Africa, Caribbean islands and etc., seawater desalination facilities can be “vital for economic development.” It can provide reliable and high-quality water supply to hot, dry, and increasingly populous regions and allow for local control of water resources at the same time. San Diego County is one of these regions, where county government decided to build a massive desalination facility that will be using the reverse osmosis with a cost of $1 billion. When it’s done, it is expected to produce 54 million

There are many ways to desalinate water to make them drinkable and they are proven and effective, and a few of them are reverse osmosis, multi- stage flash distillation and freezing. Reverse osmosis is when pressure is put on the water and forces the water through a membrane so that the water and salt separate, it has been proven effective in creating fresh sources of drinking water that can deliver the health benefits people need. When properly designed, desalination plants can then create drinkable water that is of high quality. This process can be used on different types of water, including brackish (low salinity) water and seawater [Science Direct].