The Technology Of Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract—Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is basically a wireless network in which sensor nodes are distributed in any environment condition, to collect the data or information such as temperature, pressure, wind, sea level etc. and accordingly data or information will be passed to the main location. Reliable Trust and Reputation of a node stands for the measure of trust over a certain period of time which can be useful to evaluate the risk of attack from that particular node. We have combined all these parameters in order to risk of attack from a particular node.

Majority of these sensors are used by us in day to day life, the most common being our mobile device, which are geared with an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a compass, a barometer, audio and video recorders. We also have wearable sensors that have customized sensors that help to detect uncommon or unanticipated situations.

Autonomous Vehicles are already being developed by the majority of the automobile companies as Audi, GM, Toyota among others, however, the approach on the technology development to achieve the autonomy is not the same for all of them. Some companies want so they invest a lot in artificial intelligence and software development. On the other side companies such as Toyota have the objective to improve the safety features on their cars, doing for that a lot of research on sensors and ECU (Electronic Control Units). In this project was researched 7 major companies that are currently investing in autonomous cars, being Google the only one that is new on the automobile industry but, accordingly to researches carried out by the group, the most advanced on this new type of technology, showing expressive results in their monthly reports

Wireless networking or atleast the networks in which we operate normally refers to wireless sensor networks which is an innovative and are within the broad spectrum of whites networks that are specifically designed to measure a small amounts of data and that data is related to sensor data. The little pieces of information like temperature sensors or open/close sensor are extremely valuable information as it provides insights into defense that might happen in their business processes. There are many wireless network, but the question arises is where do these wireless sensor network fit among the different wireless network.

Automation is the use of control systems in concert with other applications of information technology to control industrial machinery and processes, reducing the need for human intervention. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the global economy and in daily experience. Engineers strive to combine automated

With the furtherance of computer networks extending boundaries and joining distant locations, wireless sensor networks (WSN) emerged as the new frontier in developing opportunities in order to collect and process data from remote locations. A wireless sensor network is a collection of nodes organized in a cooperative manner. Multiple sensor nodes arranged in proximity to sense an event and subsequently transmit sensed and collected information to a remote processing unit or base station. The nodes are able to communicate wirelessly and often self-organize after being deployed in an ad hoc fashion. More than 1000s or even 10,000 nodes are expected. Currently, wireless sensor

Military Applications: The origin of wireless sensor networks is from defence research, therefore there are vast applications in military where sensor nodes can be deployed in warfield surveillance to detect, locate and monitor enemy activities.

Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks (WSAN) have attracted a lot of interest in recent years. Their potential applications include search-and-rescue, forest fire detection and containment, battlefield reconnaissance, under-water surveillance, etc. In WSAN, sensors which are small, densely-populated, and power-constrained devices probe their surroundings and send the collected data to more capable nodes (actors) for processing and putting forward an appropriate response [1]. For example, sensors can detect rising heat in some spots in a forest and inform mobile robots (actors) that correlate the reports from various sensors and conclude the eruption

Abstract -- The efficiency of sensor networks depends on the coverage of the target area. Although, in general, a sufficient number of sensors are used to ensure a certain degree of redundancy in coverage, a good sensor deployment method is still necessary to balance the workload of sensors in target area. In a sensor network sensors can move around to self-deploy. The deployment deals with moving sensors from an initial unbalanced state to balanced state. Therefore, several optimization problems can be defined to minimize different parameters such as total moving distance, number of moves, communication cost. There is a unique problem called communication holes in sensor networks, areas not covered by any node.

Natural disasters have become very critical due to several reasons like global warming. Wireless sensor networks are used for detecting the natural events by measuring the temperature, air pressure, vibration, etc. and generate alarms. WSNs can measure the agitation of buildings, CO2 levels, and weather monitoring, etc. (Yawut & Kilaso, 2011).

The wireless sensor network is applicable in numerous life saving critical field because of low cost long battery life sensors. A sensor network comprises of sensors and routers to choose the administrator host that is called the coordinator [2]. A wireless sensor network is easy to use in the desired environment [6], and the information can be collected then processed and sent to a desired location. Recent break trough in wireless communication and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) [3-5] provides large scale, low power, multi-functional, and low cost network

Taking an example of any factory, a temperature sensor deployed on critical machines on the floor can send readings before a failure is about to happen and action can be taken before in hand. Likewise, deploying a sensor on oil pipelines can raise an alert and slow down or stop the pumping of oil as a response to the alert which can help prevent a huge loss.

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a computer network consisting of spatially distributed autonomous devices using sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants, at different locations.[1] The development of wireless sensor networks was originally motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance. However, wireless sensor networks are now used in many civilian application areas, including environment and habitat monitoring, healthcare applications, home automation, and traffic control.[1][2]

In sensor network node deployment falls into two classifications either a dense deployment or a meager deployment. In dense deployment in the focused on field, high quantities of sensor nodes are available. While in an inadequate deployment we have lesser nodes. Dense deployment is utilized to distinguish multiple sensors. At the point when expense of item expands it can be utilized there.

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is comprised of multiple tiny devices called nodes or motes. These are distributed spatially in an environment to monitor sense and compute data wirelessly. The role of a sensor node is to evaluate different tasks. First, a node has to sense physical conditions and exchange the information with other nodes after computation. Second, it plays the important role of being a relay for different sensor nodes [1],[2],[3],[4]. These nodes can mount anywhere in the environment [2]. With recent advancements in the field of electronics these devices are becoming cheaper and smaller and are being employed in both indoor and outdoor environments. Applications include agricultural monitoring, household and military surveillance, industrial automation and robotics, and healthcare [3]. A sensor node, shown in Figure.1 is a low power device and consists of five different components namely [5], [12]