The, The And Social Categories Based On Skin Color, By The Slave Trade, Spanish Colonization, Essay

“Racism is man's gravest threat to man - the maximum of hatred for a minimum of reason.” - American philosopher Abraham J. Heschel. A world with no definition of race is a tough concept for some to grasp. Yet many centuries ago the world existed as so, long before the foundation of race. Race is not natural or innate, despite popular assumptions, it is a social construct created by people to separate mankind.

Three sociological perspectives used in the study of minorities are: Structural functionalism, symbolic interactionalism and conflict theory. These perspectives offer "theoretical paradigms" for explaining how society influences people, taking into account the social factors that impact on human behavior. However, different theories, ideas, and prejudices can influence a sociologist's conclusions. Each of these theories has a contribution to make with a distinct focus.

In “The Social Construction of Race’’, Ian Lopez states that race is constructed relationally, against one another rather than in isolation on (p.54); we cannot define what whiteness is or is not without making comparison to other entities such as blackness. Therefore, the creation of racial identities by Anglo-Saxons or white Europeans was justification for their offensive activities against other races; including rape, murder, genocide, causing famines, and taking land. Lopez states in his article that human interaction creates social construction of race and that races are constructed in comparison to one another rather than alone (p.54). We cannot define what it means to be black compared to what it means to be white; we say what whiteness

Before the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th cent., the Araucanians had long been in control of the land in the southern part of the region; in the north, the inhabitants were ruled by the Inca empire. Diego de Almagro, who was sent by Francisco Pizarro from Peru to explore the southern region, led a party of men through the Andes into the central lowlands of Chile but was unsuccessful (1536) in establishing a foothold there. In 1540, Pedro de Valdivia marched into Chile and, despite stout resistance from the Araucanians, founded Santiago (1541) and later established La Serena, Concepción, and Valdivia. After an initial period of incessant warfare with the natives, the Spanish

In society, race clearly affects one’s life chances. These are the chances of getting opportunities and gaining experience for progression. The social construction of race is based on privileges and availability of resources. Looking at society and the formation of race in a historical context, whites have always held some sort of delusional belief of a “white-skin privilege.” This advantage grants whites an advantage in society whether one desires it or not. This notion is often commonly referred to as reality.

Heritable Race-Based Slavery was essentially similar to indentured servitude because indentured servitude led to heritable race-based slavery in certain ways. Without indentured servitude, they would have never gotten to the need to use heritable race-based slavery. Which is “following in the condition of the mother.” The children of a slave mother are born into slavery. They are born into slavery and they are going to be a slave because their mother is. It used to be following in the condition of the father, but what father is a slave? It was rare, especially if you have a mulatto child. The father would be white. So, to avoid having all these free black children, who should be “slaves” (“Follow The Money”) they used the condition of the mother. The mother is always a slave, so therefore, they make money and get more slaves out of the deal. You have a generation-to-generation guaranteed slave, what more could you want?

Prior to its independence Latin America had been controlled by external forces for hundreds of years. To be freed of control from these outside interests did not in any way guarantee Latin America a return to the status quo. In fact, the inhabitants of Latin America had done very well in assimilating their in house controllers. They adopted European language, religion, color, and just about everything else that the European culture had to offer them. Although they were free to do as they please and run their own affairs in the global neighborhood as we know it, they struggled to create an entity for themselves. They embody too much of what is not native to their region, yet the people that used to represent their land 500 years earlier

Many historians have argued that the Atlantic slave trade was motivated either by race or economics. Personally, I find this to be true. With new European colonies being started around the world, there became a need for a labor force that could help economically and financially in the cheapest way possible. When the people figured out that they could go on voyages to Africa and come back with 200+ sets of hands for manual labor, they exploited this. Slaves would be bought and owned by citizens to help do everyday tasks and a tremendous amount of manual labor. However even though a great portion of slavery was for financial reasons, it soon became a thing due to racism as well. These Africans that were brought over were thought of as “not human” and used this as a reason to participate in the treacherous act that is slavery. Many elements that denominated from economics and racism were the causes for the Atlantic Slave trade.

When most people in America think about racism and where it started, they might think of the days of the Middle Passage when people from Africa were brought over on slave ships. They might also think of Colonial America when blacks were being separated from their families and sold to the highest bidder. However, racism started hundreds if not thousands of years before that time of Colonial America. To think of a possible solution for racism in 2015 is honestly very hard. Coming from the point of view of a natural born Jamaican female, and with the racial tensions in America coming from Colonial times, it is hard to come up with a solution. With the eruption of more publicized racial problems within at least the last two decades from Rodney

levels with value attached to each one. The lowest level of the hierarchy was the “Bozal.”

Racial discrimination is also dependent on the country where a person grows up in. Growing up in the US the way blacks, Latinos, Hispanics, and Whites are viewed differs from the way each of these groups is viewed in another country. As discussed in "The Social Construction of Difference" by Allan Johnson, "unless you live in a culture that recognizes such differences (skin color) as significant, they are socially irrelevant and therefore, in a way, do not exist" (pg. 3). The way American culture views race is through differences has set up a system of oppression and privilege this way. A black woman in Africa does not experience herself as black because it is not the way their system is organized.

a pen because it was safer than a gun. This was a valuable lesson I've

For many years now the people in power or “whites” have passed laws so that other racial groups are kept at the bottom of the social hierarchy. These racial group that are kept at the bottom become racialized and oppressed therefore they become unequal to the people that are at the top of this hierarchy. The racial groups that are kept at the bottom vary from the Native-Americans to the Mexican-Americans and obviously the African-Americans. In this essay I will be comparing how the racialization process has been similar and different between these racial groups. I will also define race and racialization. Furthermore, I will explain how class, gender, sexuality, and citizenship has impacted the racialization process within these groups.

Omi and Winant’s discussion from “Racial Formations” are generally about race being a social construct and is also demonstrated in the viewing of Race - The power of an illusion. Omi and Winant have both agreed that race is socially constructed in society. Ultimately this means that race is seen differently in different societies and different cultures. Media, politics, school, economy and family helps alter society’s structure of race. In the viewing , also media as well as history seemed to create race by showing how social norms have evolved in different racial groups.

The development, of racism, is linked to the slave trade. The slave, the trade could not have continued without this ideology to justify it. Racism cannot be ignored, in any study of the slave trade. There were few, who challenged this prejudiced view. Richard Ligon, in his book A true & exact history of the Island of Barbados, published in 1557, wrote against the popular view. From about 1600, with the development, of science in Europe, racism could be proved scientifically. It was widely believed that Africans also Europeans had developed separately. Many, like Sir Thomas Herbert, writing in 1634, believed that Africans must be descended from apes also part of a separate and inferior race. This was long before Charles Darwin's theory