The Theory Of Moral Behavior

The link between morality and human nature has been a progressive reoccurring theme since ancient times (Prinz, 2008). Moral development is a characteristic of a person’s general development that transpires over the course of a lifetime. Moral development is derived by a wide variety of cultural and demographic factors that appear to influence morally relevant actions. Turiel (2006) defined morality as an individuals “prescriptive judgments of justice, rights, and welfare pertaining to how people ought to relate to each other.” Individuals’ moral judgments are frequently considered to be a product of culturally specific controls that provide a framework for behavioral motivations that are sensitive to the effects of gender, education, religion and politics (Banerjee, Huebner & Hauser, 2010). While several approaches have been utilized to examine the interaction of multivariate contributors to fundamental moral differences such as: disputes about family life, sexuality, social fairness, and so on, research has suggested that ideological considerations have provided a potent and diverse explanation for the polarization of contrasting views (Weber & Federico, 2013).

Moral Psychology refers to the study of moral development that begins at birth. Moral development can be measured by the five moral foundations; Care/harm, Fairness (equality)/cheating, Liberty/oppression refers to bond with others, cherishing and protecting those sensitive to harm and experience negative emotions towards those who harm. Fairness / Cheating describes choosing a punishment based on shared laws, ingroup or loyalty / Betrayal refers to groups who join together who trust and defend each other. The fourth foundation is Authority and respect follows are hierarchy structure sometimes due to physical force and fear or out of respect. Sanctity/degradation or Purity / Sanctity is the fifth foundation is the level of disgust for things like food and

What is the basis of our moral beliefs? In the article “The Moral Instinct,” Pinker contemplates this basis. To begin, Pinker sheds light on the idea of moral reputations and how we are attracted to the sanctity of individuals, consequently preferring the now saint Mother Teresa to the billionaire Bill Gates. Later in the article, Pinker combines his observations of the value of sanctity into Haidt’s hypothesis of moral experiential variety. Haidt’s hypothesis is that there are five foundational beliefs that everyone holds to a certain degree: a desire to not harm innocent individuals, a concept of fairness, a sense of community, a respect for authority, and an exaltation of what is considered pure.

life skills. Rehabilitation techniques aim toward the inner minds of criminals in the hopes of modifying future criminal behavior.

The existence of the ideology regarding morality is what separates humans and animals as it displays our understanding and ability to think beyond primitive thoughts such as the need to eat, sleep, and reproduce to survive. The argument regarding whether the philosophy had originated from religious or secular societies has long been debated with questions such as: Did the belief of moral principle originate from theism or atheism? Numerous philosophers spanning from the time of Ancient Greece to present day have all debated through their views on the subject. This is due to the significant difference in belief regarding the acknowledgement of the existence of the will or demands of a moral deity. I believe that those who appeal to theism have a more concrete understanding of morality than those who appeal to atheism; being able to justify a religious belief rather than a mere opinion.

Educational psychologist Gu Mingyuan points out that morality is learned in childhood(1960). For instance, an investigation shows that there were about 818 thousand children of school age who can not get education because of wars and terrorist organization in Iraq in 2003(There are more than 800). After the terrorist organization invasion, many innocent children have ended their lives in acts of unimaginable horror. More than that, some terrorist even trained children to be killers and instilled distorted ideas to them. It’s hard to imagine how those children would become when they grow up. No matter what their original characters were, their kind-hearts or virtues might disappear sooner or later under that circumstance. By contrast, people

Another moral theory, also born of Deontological Perspectives, comes from WD Ross. In contrast to Kant, who stated that moral positions can be deduced by reason and are absolutely binding, Ross believes that we determine moral positions through intuition of the rightness or wrongness on the action. This intuition allows us to determine what our duties are while these duties are not dependent on the outcomes or circumstances, but how we rank these duties is dependent on a situation. In turn, this creates what Ross refers to as Prima Facie duties. Prima Facie duties are duties that are obligatory duties that can be trumped by other duties depending on our situation. Ross gives an example of seven of these prima facie duties in his writings: beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, self-improvement, fidelity, reparation, and gratitude. These duties arise because we intuit them to be true and binding duties. In Ross’s view, all of these duties are binding, but he does not exclude, as Kant does that these duties may overlap and run contrary to one another in any given situation. We can only act in accordance with what our perception is of the situation and try to do our best, but we may often fail as a result. While this theory is superior to Kant in that it does allow for more universal applicability and wiggle room to fit various cultures, the main issue with Ross’s theory is that it relies on the intuition of flawed humans to determine self-evident duties and does not

As a society, we have certain expectations concerning morality and actions. When an individual’s behavior coincides with our societies’ expectations then they are deemed as ordinary because they are not an outlier. Though when the situation changes for individuals so do their actions and after an amount of time their new actions and behaviors become the norm. Even when the behavior fundamentally conflicts with their held beliefs. These middle-aged and middle-classed men were normal according to societies standards, yet once they were placed under what they perceived to be an authority figure they completed terrible tasks. Browning explains this with the

Chapter eight starts off with explaining the first group of social process theories that are rooted in their notion that criminal behavior is learned by a social context. There has been a learning perspective that assumed that there are law- breaking values, norms, and etc. The section goes on to explain the theories envision that a criminal’s behavior is a product of the same learning process of noncriminal behavior. Crime is known for being constructed as a normal behavior rather than pathological. The task of this learning theory is to detail the process through which pattern are cultivated. According to the 2005 presidential address that American Society of Criminology, which that Julie Horney proposed to the board version of the Skinnerian to be rooted for learning theories. These theories have the potential to organize much of our knowledge about criminal behaviors.

From the moment a person is born, they are flooded with impressions about the world surrounding them. Even though their undeveloped brains can hardly understand what is going on, they are subject to influence from other people and things. As they grow up, their parents discipline them in order to teach them how to act in public around other people. Children are scolded when they lie, steal, talk back, and misbehave. All these actions help to form a child’s morality. They begin to learn what is right and wrong. They test the limits of the society around them to see what they can get away with and what they cannot. One could argue that if there were a society that encouraged these behaviors, people would grow up much differently. Some philosophers like Kant say people are naturally good with a strong moral compass. Other philosophers like Hume argue that humans are taught their morals. Kant says that all moral judgments come from a priori knowledge, but Hume follows a different path by saying morality is derived from experiences that spark virtuous passions within the person, and it is these passions that provide us with moral guidance for future action. Although Kant provides a good argument for the origin of morality, this paper will argue that Hume provides a more plausible account for the sources of morality.

The framework Popper is talking about is an intellectual framework. A neutral question is without bias, informative leading, and isn’t influenced by outside sources to receive the truest and most neutral response; however, I define a neutral question as to be neutral in order to truth without a hidden meaning within its structure, the opposite would be a leading question that encourages a desired answer. So, there is no such thing as a neutral observation or perceiving something as neutral. The statement suggests that areas of knowing lead us in a certain direction. By asking a question, one seeks knowledge beyond a neutral way. What is the effect of bias on asking questions? Is prior knowledge of something necessary before asking a question? Can we ask a question without context? How do areas of knowing affect the neutrality of a question? The areas of knowing that will be looked at will be natural science and history as scientists and historians find answers by beginning with questions and observations. Several assumptions can be made such as if neutral questions are impossible then everything carries bias. In order to ask a question and answer it, there can be no neutrality. All questions are leading questions. It is impossible and possible to have a neutral question; this essay will discuss the extent to which the statement is valid in natural science and history.

Moral and Ethical theories often conflict with one another. It is hardly ever true that both theories agree with one another. Same is the case for Jean and Pierre. Following the four basic principles of Act Utilitarianism, Rule Utilitarianism, Social Contract Theory, and Kantianism his actions will be discussed in the following paper. Examining his actions, he was in favor of following the moral instinct of Utilitarianism more than any other theory.

From birth, we are taught important values that help us to develop into good citizens. Some individuals are raised in religious organization’s instilling good moral values into them. Some people are raised in a manner to treat others with respect, so-on and so-forth, but not everyone in this world shares the same moral values, which breaks the integrity of the individuals ethical behavioral code or pattern. In the Bible at Proverbs 13:20, it says “The one walking with the wise will become wise, the one who has dealings with the stupid will fare badly.” (NWT Bible) Why is this? Doe’s it even matter about upbringing, and how they will fare in extreme ethical decisions? My theory, that the ones you associate with on a daily basis,

Morality and moral decision making add yet another dimension to the already complex nature of warfare. A key tenet of warfare and combat is one human taking another’s life. Bloodshed is the main factor which differentiates warfare from diplomacy. However, warfare is never black and white. Modern day insurgent warfare requires incredibly difficult labeling and differentiating between combatants and civilians, that far surpasses the complexity of traditional warfare, making moral decisions all the more difficult. However even when the enemy wears a uniform and the battleground is not in a neighborhood, killing another human being is hardly ever a morally straightforward task. The graphic novel, Watchmen, written by Alan Moore, explores

The development of morals is an often studied topic in psychology. However, there is a debate over whether morality is learned, or something humans are born with. A number of experiments have shown that the latter may be a large part of the truth. Infants seem to have basic concepts of empathy, helping others, and punishment before they can speak or participate in society. However, humans continue to develop their morals throughout their lives. These findings simply support the idea that there is an evolved base moral core that is present in all humans from birth.