The Theory Of Pipe Soil Interaction

Almost 95 million barrels of oil and fuel are produced each day in order to provide energy and fuel to people the world over. A major component of the oil industry is the transportation of oil through various means including oil pipelines. These pipelines are capable of transporting thousands of barrels of oil thousands of miles per day. In the United States one possible pipeline has caused a lot of controversy and discussion on the impact it will have on the United States. The difficulty in deciding if the Keystone XL Pipeline should be built is in whether the possibility of economic growth outweighs the possibility of environmental destruction. In order to make a decision, one must first look into the history of oil pipelines. It is crucial

Election of 1828 is what started it all. Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams was running for President, and Andrew Jackson won by an overwhelming majority. Jackson established the Spoil System. The Spoil System awarded Jackson’s friends and supporters public offices. During the 1830’s, abolitionist began to rise, and people began to revolt, for example, William Garrison wrote the “Liberator”, and Nat Turner killed his master and 60 more people. Money was a huge issue because tariffs were raised, and Jackson destroyed the National Banks, which caused the Panic of 1837. The big issue during the 1850’s was the decision if slavery should expand into the new territory that America had gained from the Mexican War. The documents support the explanation

From Canada down to Texas is an awful large amount of ground for a pipe to cover, but, organizations such as TransCanada insist that there is a wealth of benefits to be had with the construction of the pipeline, both during and after construction.

Some stakeholders in the Northern Gateway Project would counter with defending the Enbridge as they plan on using thicker pipe and horizontal drilling to bore beneath 30 rivers, instead of passing through them. Though they are changing their pipe sizes and thickness, this new material is being used for the first time and could potentially become a disaster if the pipe breaks and leaves over the ocean, rivers and/or environments. (5)

The main issues are the risk of oil spills along the pipeline, which would traverse highly sensitive terrain, and 17% higher greenhouse gas emissions from the extraction of oil sands compared to extraction of conventional oil. The potential for oil spills could pollute air and critical water supplies and harm migratory birds and other wildlife. The Ogallala Aquifer spans eight states, providing drinking water for two million people and supports $20 billion in agriculture. Critics say a major leak could ruin drinking water and devastate mid-western US economy. Pipeline industry spokesman have noted that thousands of miles of existing pipelines carrying crude oil have crossed the Ogallala Aquifer for years in Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas. Portions of the pipeline would cross an active seismic zone that had a 4.3 magnitude earthquake in 2002. TransCanada CEO described the Keystone Pipeline as “routine”, noting they have been building similar pipelines in North America for half a century the that there are 200,000 miles of similar oil pipelines in the US today. The Keystone Pipeline will include 57 improvements above standard requirements demanded by US regulations, making it the “safest pipeline ever

The pipelines are drilled down far into the earth and then span out horizontally. Huge quantities of water combined with sand and chemicals created "fracking fluid", which is pumped down the pipelines. Fracking enables us to reach natural gas that was not usable before. Natural gas is a better alternative to coal, which does not burn as cleanly. However, harmful substances are contained in the fracking fluid that is pumped into the pipes to crack the shale and release natural gas. Sadly natural gas is not the only thing flowing back up the

Opponents of the use of the pipeline mode to transport fuel claim that it is responsible for numerous deaths that occur annually. The rate of increased accidents is attributable to the fact that as a mode of fuel transportation, minimal oversight, outdated pipes, and insufficient precautions subject

You guys should not build it because what if the pipeline breaks and it explodes and this pipeline will be going

The likelihood of this pipeline bursting and spilling oil into the land and water it passes through is not completely out of the picture. Although trucks or trains transporting oil have a higher chance of spilling, according to the article, "the International Energy Agency found that pipelines spill much more in term of volume." This could be very bad news in terms of polluting the land and water used everyday. Some of the land this line is set to run through is farmland. Even if a spill never occurred, this farmland would still be damaged during the installment of the pipeline when having to dig it up. Among this land is private property, whose land is unwillingly being used for the implication of the pipeline (Sammon). Not only are farmers' lands at risk of damage, but sacred ground of Native Americans are in the middle of the crossfire as well. "The Standing Rock Sioux tribe says the project threatens its drinking water source and could destroy ancient sacred sites," explains Agence France-Presse. The installment of the pipeline will damage their sacred grounds, and if it would even spill, would pollute their only water source for drinking and irrigation as well as the land they live off

If it is built it could create climate change which affects the environment very harshly. Also, there could be a possible risk of a leak in the pipeline making it even more detrimental on the environment. If it is built then it could help the economy and help prices go decrease on products. But on the other hand, the path of the pipeline is making Native Americans give up their sacred land and possibly their water supply if a leaks happens. The pipeline has many different perspectives toward it and how it should be handled; because of this, the pipeline that Obama’s administration has paused the construction of the pipeline. But, Trump is determined to keep it going once he is in office, which is coming to the attention to more protesters. Many of the protesters of the pipeline come from many different backgrounds, social location and religion, but they all think the pipeline will be hazardous. This current event is very controversial, in which there is no side that is right or

Vectren Corp. (Underground Construction, 2014) The Author explained in the article, that the plan is to spend some $865 million dollar on the construction of the 1000 mile pipeline. It is said that is will be checked and examined, with the highest federal and state regulations of safety in my in mind. (Underground Construction, 2014) It has been stated that they will install new pipes, to ensure the safety of the plant given the amount pipe that will need to be installed. (Underground Construction,

This experiment is designed to facilitate an understanding of the principles involved when water flows through a pervious material such as soil.

For every spill of oil or gas, it damages that ecosystem sometimes beyond repair or it takes it many many years to recover from it. That being said the North Dakota Pipeline is going to be one of the safest most technologically advanced pipelines in the world. Another controversy is that the Native Americans are claiming that the pipeline runs through some of their sacred lands and can possibly contaminate their water supply. The North Dakota Pipeline can be a very successful oil transporter but there also seems to be some drawbacks like it possibly running through sacred land, contaminating water, and the possibility of leaking or exploding and causing a major disaster for the people and animals that live

Abstract- A numerical investigation has been carried out for incompressible turbulent flow through 900bend pipes. The model is based on the numerical solution of conservation equations of mass and momentum. The results of the simulations of the flow in the form of contour and vector plots for two types of pipe bend both mitre and smooth bend with seven different Reynolds numbers (2.0+E04, 2.5+E04, 3.0+E04, 3.5+E04, 4.0+E04, 4.5+E04 and 5.0+ E04) are presented in this paper. From the obtained results, it is seen that the mitre bend produces more turbulent kinetic energy, eddy viscosity, skin friction factor compared to the smooth bend. To put an emphasis on the smooth bend for different R/D ratios, the static pressure distribution along the inner, outer wall and the pressure loss factor with different Re numbers are analyzed. However, it is noticed that as Re increases the pressure gradient changes rapidly at the inner and the outer wall of the bend. Again, the total pressure loss factor k increases as the R/D ratio decreases and due to higher velocity heads factor k decreases as Re increases. The numerical results are found to be in a good agreement with experimental

Wisner 2011, states that pipeline carriers can only carry certain products, such as water, oil, natural gas and gasoline, there is little maintenance cost so in long term pipeline transportation is quite inexpensive.