The Theory, The Principle Architecture, And The Mechanisms

The emergency department in the modern hospital is one of the most complex clinical settings to operate. According to Johnson, Sensei, & Capasso (2012), this department is an intersection of the diagnosis and treatment of emergency cases. As a result, it experiences immense volumes of patients every day. However, in most hospitals, patients visit the facilities with an indication of what they might be suffering from. Specifically, they use their iPhones to get a list of conditions that they might be having (Boncana, 2016). This method of detection has come to be known as mHealth. In this regard, mHealth, rather mobile health, is a method that patients use to enhance their health and medical practices via the use of mobile technology. The cell phones used in this approach are equipped with medical/health software, a personal digital assistant (PDA), and patient monitoring devices.

Since a set of personally important situations, which affect user preferences, is user-dependent, and since many situations can be described only in fuzzy terms, we provide users with an easy way to develop personal context ontology and to map it fuzzily into common ontology via

The use of computer technology has widely taken over the workforce and forcing a false sense of security (Carr, 2013). However, the use of decision support systems (DSS) has caused workers to become reliant upon the technology leading to automation bias (AB) and complacency. The use of clinical decision support systems (CDSS) causes workers not to identify errors readily because of trust in the CDSS (Goddard, Roudsari and Wyatt, 2011). The use of CDSS is not meant to take the place of the human decision making process, but meant to improve work outcomes. As more

In another research, Preuveneers, Berbers & Joosen (2013) stated the main factor which makes individual feel completely being in control is good techniques of data visualization. The approach and methods used by these authors are gathering data day by day to filter for similar situations and scenarios of the past. Based on that, the system can provide a suggestion for the diabetes patients to choose their insulin dosage. Clearly, each strategy is suitable in difference situations but in general context-aware technology can be used to offer support for the decision-making by the ability of collecting data automatically. Without doubt, with the information overload today, using context aware technology to support for decision-making will outbreak in near future not only in healthcare area but also in other fields such as business, sports or even military.

But in the 21st century, if we find more affordable and accessible ways of doing so, we should embrace them rather than reject them” (Susskind). In an interview with Therese Breza, a nurse in the healthcare system, she countered with the belief that human interaction is a vital part of healthcare, and that her patients and people she has worked with value such interactions. However, with the increasing complexity of healthcare and possibility of unncessary or even dangerous treatments, Susskind’s countering that the most valuable part of professional experience is the professional knowledge means that machines that are always learning from each other and studies and effects of medicine on other medicines or humans shows that the supposedly valuable part of healthcare can still be present in the form of being a sort of front for a much more data heavy treatment plan managed by the most up-to-date and consistent methods in medical science, and humans can carry out what is needed. While the incentive so automate specialists such as surgeons is low, and not all doctors will go away, if a tablet has an app that is as good as a doctor, the security of such a profession will fall dramatically.

Although doctor’s office or hospitals provide patients with instructions, they are not able to provide patients with accurate information about the disease but using mobile computing technology, patients can get

Since 2009 there has been increase of technology use in the healthcare setting. Approximately two-thirds of physician’s have adapted to the use of smartphones. (Kahn- Sarasohn, 2010). Some tools that are being implemented in the hospital setting are patient record programs, alerts, medical reference tools, diagnostic tools, and further medical education. This type of technology is so appealing because a smartphone is a mobile computer, which allows physician’s to receive real-time updates. In addition to the convenience of smartphones, the simplicity plays a major

INTRODUCTION: place, we use our five natural senses which includes eye, ear, nose, tongue mind and body to get information about it; that information helps us make decisions and chose the right actions to take. But arguably the most useful information that can help us make the right decision is not naturally perceivable with our five senses, namely the data, information and knowledge that day by day we human beings are gathering information about everything and which is increasingly all available online. Although the miniaturization of computing devices allows us to carry computers in our pockets, keeping us continually connected to the digital world, there is no link between our digital devices and our interactions with the physical world.

We have evolved over millions of years to sense the world around us. When we encounter something, someone or some place, we use our five natural senses which include eye, ear, nose, tongue mind and body to perceive information about it; that information helps us make decisions and chose the right actions to take. But arguably the most useful information that can help us make the right decision is not naturally perceivable with our five senses, namely the data, information and knowledge that mankind has accumulated about everything and which is increasingly all available online. Although the miniaturization of computing devices allows us to carry computers in our pockets, keeping us continually connected to the

Unlike traditional desktop computers, wearable technologies encourage the user to interact with the technology any place, any time, and for any duration. The anywhere, anytime nature of interaction with wearables makes it possible to form intimate bonds with the technology. (Ashbrook, Lyons, Clawson, & Starner, 2010) Wearable technology devices collect data /information from sensors in order to track, monitor, and analyze things such as motion and physical activity, calories burned, sleep patterns, heart rate, breathing, other biometric measures, etc. The data collected can then be applied to analysis of individual health, fitness, business, and more.

#1 The concept of a wireless network is to be able to provide a broad range of coverage to a large geographical area wirelessly (Techtarget, n. d.). Further, a wireless network gives one an advantage to connect wirelessly to other devices in separate areas of coverage. In healthcare, a wireless network is used to improve access, reduce errors and deliver an accurate healthcare information anywhere and at any given period among patients and healthcare providers (IEEE, 2003). Mobile devices, such as tablets, smartphones, personal digital assistant (PDA) and other handheld devices have made it possible to have a broad range of efficient healthcare applications (IEEE,2003). The mobile devices used by healthcare providers at a patient bedside can be used to monitor and manage patient information’s wirelessly (searchhealthIT, 2016).

Imagine being e-mailed with an urgent research request. With a click of your mouse, you could access the right documents and collaborate with experts to meet a tight deadline. “Dynamic Collaboration understands the task at hand through a context observer that recognizes specific actions you perform on your desktop. Through the use of a pull-down menu, you can also explicitly inform the system about your context.” (www.accenture.com) It is a context-aware tool that works alongside you, as would a reliable and intelligent assistant. The prototype allows you to work smarter, faster and better.

mHealth provides rapid connectivity and remote communication means necessary in care processes by exploiting consumers demand and acceptance of wearable technologies. The quality of care processes is vastly affected by the effectiveness of the communication means available to care teams and patients. Such communication must ensure the timeliness, accuracy and feedback support for information- which are feature that current communication means lack. For example, information collected from patients is primarily based on the patient’s recollected; and may be supported by untimely information gathered from other physicians. Similarly, the physical distance of provided negatively affect the accuracy and feedback of information exchanges. Practical and customized health-centered mobile applications are increasingly becoming the communication of choice both for patients and care teams. Their integration in an everyday tool (the mobile phone) and their customization to health-care demands provide an efficient way to connecting providers with other providers and with their

From this background the first ubiquitous program emerged which was written at Computer Science laboratory (CSL). This program was used in removing the drawbacks found in the personal computing. Drawbacks such as it needs continuous attention, it’s detached from other activities and other people around and has occupied our lives. Mark Weiser wanted to focus on human to human computing and put computation back into environmental background.

Due to recent advancement in mobile technologies, high-capacity wireless network, sensor system, and wearable technology ubiquitous computing system is no longer a possibility, it is now reality. Ubiquitous computing deals with the idea how we can improve our quality of life by incorporating or interacting with technology in our everyday life. Health care is an ideal application domain for ubiquitous computing. A variety of health management solutions are available today and it is expected that more will be available in the near future. This technology has allowed researchers and clinicians to develop applications to monitor the patients in the home and community settings and provide real-time feedback information. This, in turn, is helping healthcare management to enable proactive response to critical health conditions by facilitating early detection of life threatening conditions rather than reactive response. This is particularly important in remote and rural areas where number of working physician are very less compare to the physician of urban areas. [A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation 8] In addition to unified access to historical information, this monitoring system provides low-cost technique to managing and monitoring elderly people, postoperative rehabilitation patients, and people with special