The Thirty Years War

“These are the times that try men’s souls.” Thomas Paine said this during the times leading up to the Revolutionary War. These times include: Navigation Act, French and Indian War, Sugar Act, The stamp Act, Boston Massacre, Townsend Act, The Boston Tea Party, and the Intolerable Acts. All of these events are important in leading to the Revolutionary War. This essay will go into detail about the events leading up to the Revolutionary War. Starting with, the Navigation Act. The Navigation Act was the first event leading up to the Revolutionary War. The Navigation Act is where British parliament passed a series of navigation acts. These navigation acts limited colonial trade by using the system of mercantilism. This also forbade the

European states ended the Thirty Years’ War with the Peace of Westphalia (1648), which laid the foundations for a system of independent, competing states. They also mutually recognized their rights to organize their domestic and religious affairs and agreed that political and diplomatic affairs were to be conducted by states acting in their own interests.

The Thirty Years War was an incredibly important event that took place during the 17th century. It caused phenomenally high destruction rates throughout Europe, especially Germany. These battles that make up the Thirty Years Wars were extremely influential towards the European people and governments. The Thirty Years War seemed to have many political factors that fueled its beginning and continuation but the religious factors were more prominent and important to the progression and completion of the war.

The Seven Years’ War, also known as the French and Indian War in the colonies, was the beginning of outward conflict between the British and French over North American colonies. Most Europeans viewed the Indians as a means to get something they wanted; they were pawns during this struggle in North America. During the 18th century, there were many alliances and discord among the Indians and the Europeans. The demise of many alliances was the lack of trust and suspicions of betrayal. The Europeans were a dominating force in the French and Indian War affecting aspects of territory, trade, and government in North America.

The first world war was one of the most brutal and remorseless events in history; ‘the global conflict that defined a century’. Over nine million soldiers and a large amount of innocent civilians lost their lives. Empires crumbled, revolution engulfed Russia and America rose to become a dominant world power. Huge armies deployed new weapons of devastating effect from rifles and pistols to torpedoes and flame throwers. These weapons were used not only in the trenches but by tanks too. This was an advantage to those who were able to access such machinery as they could easily launch bullets and missiles at nearby enemy bases. The downfall of the tank was the fact it was unable to cross the trenches. Tanks were not the only pieces of equipment that could access this machinery but U boats and planes too. The British carried ‘bolt action rifles’ in which fired 15 rounds per minute at a minimum range of 1,400 metres away. This allowed the British to take out foes at a far greater range. By using machinery in which rules out the need for getting up close to the enemy was a great advantage during world war one. Soldiers ran from trench to trench attacking with all that they had. This resulted in a massacre as the soldiers running toward the trenches were shot down. Machinery such as machine guns and heavy artillery were the weapons used in the trenches. In modern day society, machine guns are the main weapons used by soldiers. This wasn’t the case around the 1914s. They took four

Changes were happening all over Europe between World War I and World War II, and the book Europe in the Era of Two World Wars highlights a lot of them. Volker Berghahn, the author, discusses how violence escalated all across Europe during this time frame. The book digs into the desires and upsets of countries like Germany, Britain, France, and Russia, during war times more than others I have read do. Economies of each country and the escalading violence are the main focuses of the book. In the following review of Berghahn’s work, Europe in the Era of Two World Wars, I will highlight why the author is qualified to write the book, and survey the strengths and weakness of the information he provided.

In 1776, Thomas Jefferson began writing, " We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men were created equal..." in the Declaration of Independence. He was explaining the reason people were opposing Britain, who was oppressing the colonies with taxes and trade limitations. He felt that the colonists weren 't justly represented in Parliament, and hoped this article could amend the damage. Looking back at history, everyone knows that the Revolutionary War happened. Looking in the present, Americans are still being oppressed by the government in other ways besides taxes. State workers are now dealing with an oppressive government that is limiting their rights to negotiate. Current governor Scott Walker legislation, particularly 2011’s

In 1781 the first attempt in central banking was undertaken by an act of the Congress of the Confederation, thereby creating the Bank of North America. This bank was given exclusivity in the domain of issuing of national bills and credit. The idea was that this bank run by Robert Morris would act as the monetary agent of the US government which was needed to help deal with the funding of the Revolutionary War. Prior to the ratification of the Articles of Confederation & Perpetual Union in 1781, only the thirteen states had the sovereign power to issue their own bills of credit. Therefore before the ratification it was State Chartered banks that were providing the credit for the war, through the use of continental currency or “continentals.” These continentals were depreciating in value to the point of becoming distressed assets so it was Morris’s assertion that this private “for profit” monopolized commercial bank would be the only viable solution. With the ratification of the Articles of Confederation, congress also gained the power over the issue of bills of credit, so Morris went to work establishing America’s first central bank. It is also important to note that this function was not essential to continuing the war effort as with the defeat of the British in Yorktown in October of 1781 excluding several small skirmishes, the war had already ended. The Bank of North America essentially provided the greatest monetary benefit to the holders of large amounts of

With the Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War) complete, the British thought they would be at peace. The common thought was to prosper from the colonies by making them pay certain taxes based on products they imported or even exported. The American colonists and British policymakers were having major disagreements in the period of 1763-1776. The taxed colonists were resenting the British Parliament and started small protests in the area. The common disagreements were over the levied taxes, which started with the sugar, currency and stamp act, followed by the Townshend Duties and then the Tea Act which tipped the scales making most despise the British Parliament’s actions. This turned some of the colonists against the British which then

    The Thirty Years War brought a lot of devastation to much of Europe during the early seventeenth century. It was an instinctive conflict between religious views in link about political rule that brought most of Europe that began in 1618 and ended in 1648.  The Thirty Years War intrinsically was fought primarily within the Christian community about which denomination that should ruled the Christian empire within Europe; whether Catholics, Lutherans, Protestant, or Calvinists.  The parts of the war known as the Bohemian Phase, Danish Phase, the Swedish Intervention, and the French Intervention. Each foreign intervention exceeded after the Bohemian Phase was an attempt to end the war which no avail occurred until

What sparks a revolution? What motivates the average man to rise up against everything he’s ever known? There have been many revolutions that have taken place in the past and each one has had different elements that powered them. The revolutionary war is an example of one such revolution. But what gave it power? There are two main ideas that start revolutions. Words and actions. The power of speech and people’s actions are the defining factors in revolutions. Men’s actions are very important during revolutions. They can act out against the government, declare war, or even denounce their king. Although actions are powerful, words can have an even bigger impact. There were many famous figures whose words inspired men to fight for their rights in the revolutionary war. Thomas Paine was one of the many men who fought the war with literature, and he fought to win.

Gutmann, M. P. ( 1988). The Origins of the Thirty Years' War. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the editors of The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 749-770.

¬The Thirty Year’s War lasted throughout the duration 1618 until around 1648. Predominantly the war was centered in Germany, although several other countries were involved in the controversial matter at hand. The war primarliy consisted of most, if not all of the powerful countries in Europe. There were to groups that lead to the cause of ‘The Thirty Years’ War’ these were the protestants and the Catholics who were in disagreements. The Thirty Years’ War had a few negative effects such as famine and disease which happened in almost all of the countries involved. The conflict lasted for 30 years hence the name ‘The Thirty Years’ War’ despite the fact those problems that caused the war were not resolved until a long time after the war had finished.

The significance of the Peace of Westphalia has long been lauded as beginning of international relations as it is recognized today. Many have attributed the popularity of this belief to the article, Peace of Westphalia, 1648-1948 by Leo Gross which was published in 1948. It discusses the merits of the agreement in sparking the establishing the modern state system. A more recent piece, Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth by Andreas Osiander takes an entirely different approach by attempting to debunk what Peace of Westphalia stands for in the current world. Both articles have strongly argued for their respective views on the issue, however it is clear that when it comes to whether or not the two treaties that make up the Peace of Westphalia actually contribute as much as ???? However it is clear that Osiander is more convincing??? While both articles make strong arguments to convince the reader of their respective views, Osiander employs By

Richelieu was important for French history as he strengthened the French monarchy through the unification of France, lessening of nobles’ power and boosting economic growth. Richelieu unified France by making French the national language of France. The unification of France made it easier for Louis XIII to achieve an Absolutist government. Richelieu minimised the nobles’ power, which in turn increased the monarch’s power. Richelieu also managed the economic activities of France. These strengthened the French monarchy significantly.