The Thoracic Ventricle

AEC maxed out: GE’s automatic exposure control (AEC) tools, SmartmA and AutomA, select tube current levels during an exam between minimum and maximum tube current limits based upon the patient habitus as interpreted from the last acquired CT localizer radiograph. If the noise index requested for an image is lower than is allowed by the maximum tube current, the AEC will choose the maximum tube current throughout the scan. This infrequent occurrence can happen due to patient positioning which increases patient dose [17, 18, 31, 32], improperly chosen or set-up protocol [21, 33], or large patient size. If a scan is maxed out in mA for the entire scan, then the average and the maximum mA values will be identical. In such a case, we classify the protocol as having either a manual mA technique or being “maxed out”. If the maximum mA and the average are not equal, then we classify the irradiation event as having utilized

It was established that the patient’s symptoms were due to an aortic regurgitation this was confirmed by echocardiogram. The use of the SOAPIER model is an effective means of providing rationale for a holistic clinical decision making. The findings and treatment options were discussed in a multidisciplinary meeting including Mr Jones and family. The family were informed that surgery was the safest treatment option. Complications that could happen with or without surgery were also explained ensuring that the patient had adequate understanding to make a valid choice about his treatment. Mr Jones agreed that a replacement of the aortic valve with a mechanical valve was necessary, thus it last for more than twenty years or more . Mr Jones

Radionuclide testing indicates how strongly the heart pumps and it shows the flow of blood in the heart. There is a small amount of

What is the problem facing Scott Deeter and Ventia? I think the problems facing them are the FDA and Gras and also other competing companies.

Aortic arch angiogram: shows right aortic arch with the following branching pattern (from proximal to distal): left common carotid, right common carotid, right subclavian artery. The origin of left subclavian (with anomalous origin) was not seen as it was ligated previously. However, the distal portion is filled with diluted contrats likely through a retrograde flow through the left vertebral artery. Patent Rt MAPCA with no intimal ingrowth was seen in the previously placed stent at the origin of Rt MAPCA. Dilated tortus RIMA which is likely profusion the right upper lung lobe (aortopulmonary collaterals) left BT shunt is wide patent (connected left common carotid artery to the interposition graft) with good caliber with mild narrowing at its insertion in the interposition graft.

The implication of non-compliance to the social well-being is extremely great. If a biotech company has a product that is needed by humans then non-compliance could delay or terminate this product before it can do any public good. Compliance on the other had will allow the company to produce many worthwhile products that may lessen human suffering and provide a safer, healthier society.

Angiograms are for diagnostic purposes so in the x-ray imaging one would look for a narrowing of the artery/vein. The x-ray moves takes 2-5 second videos from five different angles of the heart. During this time they surgeon and those in the control room look for any potential plaque blockages where the vessel becomes restricted and the color of the dye is not as dark. Of the eight angiograms five needed stents or valve replacements. They also pump a large amount of dye into the left ventricle of the heart to see the strength at which it is pumping. The first angiogram procedure I saw was on this 350lb man who was having heart arrhythmias and through this procedure they were able to determine that there was a 70% blockage in one of his arteries. However, Dr. Reichard wanted to do further investigation to see how much blood was getting through to determine if

This past Friday in the cardiac catheterization lab I began my day with continuing the work that I was previously assigned to do last week where I collected the data of patient's Cardiothoracic surgery. I continued to familiarize myself with the different types of Cardiothoracic surgery procedures, however, the specific reports I was working with, they are called TAVR report (Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement). I later learned and was explained to, the TAVR multiple procedures and its causes, which is aortic stenosis. As for the procedures, a valve needs to be placed in the heart and each procedure delivers it a different way. The three ways the valve can be placed in the heart is through the heart's femoral artery (the transfemoral approach),

A cardiologist usually begins with the noninvasive testing to see if the patient has CAD. The echocardiogram (echo) test is used when a patient may have chest pain, a previous heart attack, heart murmur, or a congenital heart defect (AHA, 2000). The echocardiogram is an ultrasound of the cardiac muscle. An echo is a test that uses a transducer to pick up sound waves which vibrate throughout the heart (Staff, 2011). The vibrations from the heart are accumulated to create a picture of the heart functioning (Staff, 2011).

Precise measurements of aortic valve stenosis are fundamental in determining whether or not an aortic valve replacement is necessary when managing patients with aortic stenosis. Doppler echocardiography is used to evaluate the progression of aortic stenosis, however, this imaging technique involves certain limitations. One of the limitations, is determining which parameter to use when evaluating the severity of aortic stenosis. There are four parameters used: transvalvular gradient, aortic valve area, peak aortic jet velocity and multidetector computed tomography; each parameter have their own advantages and disadvantages. Another limitation, is determining which modality to use when a single parameter is the cause of inaccurate grading of

Electrocardiogram (ECG): An ECG is a recording of the heart’s electrical activity, by detecting impulses and electrical position of the heart. An ECG could diagnose if you have an enlargement of your heart, congenital heart defects involving the conducting electrical system, abnormal rhythm arrhythmia, damage to the heart such as coronary occlusion, poor blood supply to your heart, abnormal position of the heart, pericarditis or myocarditis the heart inflammation or even cardiac arrest

The ventricles are four fluid-filled cavities located within the brain; these are the two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle. The lateral ventricle is C-shaped cavity and includes two central portions (body and atrium) and three horns: frontal, occipital, and temporal horns. (Waxman, 2010)

The atria and ventricles are relaxing. The atria are filling with blood from the veins and the ventricles just completed a contraction. The ventricles relax and the right AV valves open. When the heart rate increases atrial systole begins, which causes a contraction that pushes blood into the ventricles. The atria is contracting causing the depolarization wave to move through the cells of the AV node then down the Purkinje fibers to the apex of the heart. Ventricular systole begins as the muscle squeezes the blood toward the base. The blood being pushed along the AV valves cause them to close. This causes a vibration of the AV valve and creates the first heart sound S1. S1 is the lub sound heard when the AV valves close. This indicates

Right ventricular fractional area change (RVFAC) is the percentage change in RV area between end-diastole and end-systole. It is obtained from a four-chamber view where the RV end-diastolic (RVEDA) and end-systolic areas (RVESA) are measured, and the RVFAC is calculated as follows: RVFAC (%) = (RVEDA - RVESA)/RVEDA (Figure 6B). It has a good correlation with MRI-derived RVEF and was shown to have prognostic significance in patients with myocardial infarction and pulmonary hypertension (Anavekar et al., 2008).

6. Automaticity – ability of heart to beat spontaneously and repetitively without external neurohormonal control. The heart is capable of beating outside the body, given proper laboratory conditions. Automaticity is evidently linked to fluid and electrolyte balance rather than to nervous system control.