The Transition Of Testosterone (DHEA)

Robert Sapolsky’s collection of essays “The Trouble with Testosterone” is a thorough examination of the evolutionary roots of human behavior, by discussing the biology behind it. The book contains eighteen essays that explore this issue. The Stanford neuroscientist is a great writer: he concisely explains his views in each essay and makes it funny and easy for a layman to understand and absorb. He unpacks complex scientific ideas and explains them. The essay that I found most interesting was the titular essay, which was an examination of flawed logical reasoning that biologists make when they think there is a causal relationship between testosterone and aggression. Sapolsky, in that essay, explains why that is not true. These essays did not

and fallopian tubes. Estrogen also stimulates the growth of the external female genitalia and breasts. Fat distribution in the female is also controlled by estrogen. The non-reproductive functions of estrogen include reduction of LDL (bad cholesterol) and an increase in HDL (good cholesterol). Estrogen also preserves bone strength by slowing down cells involved in bone break down. Estrogen concentrations in the body decrease post menopause which is why women suffer from osteoporosis later in life (Parl, 2000). Estrogen utilizes a positive feedback loop by increasing the production of gonadotropin releasing hormone in the hypothalamus which then increases the release of FSH and lutenizing hormone. This increase in FSH and LH prepare the uterus

Testosterone is a hormone in both men and women, but in greater extent in the men, testosterone is a chemical compound (C19H28O2) and is responsible for the characteristic of men such as, sexual characteristics/sexual organs, deepening of the voice, and facial and body hair. (Neil Schlager, Jayne Weisblatt, and David E. Newton 2006) Testosterone/Steroids has bodybuilding and masculinizing effect as well as treating a variety of medical conditions, like asthma, the steroid is used in a puffer, they can be used for anabolic or androgenic purposes and made for synthetic purposes making them illegal. (BROWER, K. J. 2001) Many athletes will use these to gain an advantage on competitors, with lean muscle and higher endurance, with many uses, there

Major depressive disorder is one of the most common mental disorders, with a 12-month prevalence of 6.7% of adults in the United States (NIMH). There is no definite etiology of depression, but several risk factors have been identified. Functional and structural changes in the brain have also been explored. The most common treatment for depression is the use of drugs that act on monoamine transmitters, including norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. Decreases in these transmitters, especially serotonin, were hypothesized to play an important role in the cause of depression (Breedlove & Watson, 2013). The serotonin hypothesis led to the development of selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which increase the amount of serotonin in the brain. Further research suggests that the serotonin hypothesis is not entirely accurate and the neurobiology of depression is much more complex. The “chemical imbalance” explanation of depression may not reflect the full range of causes and may be given greater credibility by patients and doctors than is supported by evidence based research.

For example, steroid abuse can cause mood swings, fatigue, loss of appetite, restlessness, insomnia, reduced sex drive, jaundice, and steroid cravings that lead to its continued abuse (National Institute on Drug Abuse). For men specifically, continued steroid use leads to "shrinking of the testicles, reduced sperm count, infertility, baldness, development of breasts, [and] increased risk for prostate cancer" (National Institute on Drug Abuse). For women, continued use leads to "growth of facial hair, male pattern baldness, changes in or cessation of the menstrual cycle, enlargement of the clitoris, [and] deepened voice" (National Institute on Drug Abuse). In addition to the aforementioned effects, stunted growth and premature puberty have been widely reported in adolescents (Zundel).

Biomedical approach treats physical symptoms of disorder such as anxiety, panic attacks and depressions. It states the cause is due to physiological factors and not psychological. The DSM-IV (APA, 2000) & ICD-10 (WHO, 1992) can be used to diagnose Joseph’s condition (depression). Various scans and blood tests can be used to determine the course of biomedical approach (e.g. medications or ECT). However, by looking at Joseph’s symptoms, he may benefit from drug therapy. Anti-depressants (e.g. Prozac) or anti-anxiety (e.g. valium) drugs are fast-responsive treatment and can be used for short-time to reduce Joseph’s physical symptoms. However, they do not provide complete cure to the disorder (Macleod, 1998), and may lead to physiological and psychological addiction. It also has little effect on negative symptoms such as social withdrawal and apathy.

It seems as though throughout the years, the usage of steroids has always been to enhance your performance, whether that be for a sport or body mass and muscle strength in general. I find this chapter in Psychology interesting, because It goes hand and hand with Anatomy, which I am currently learning. I would like to further explore the basics on where our body produces natural steroids, the effects on the endocrine and reproductive system due to steroid use, and lastly, the damage steroid use can have on your mentality.

Today in the athletic community, young and old, everybody is trying to trump their competitors by getting the edge over them wether its running faster, jumping higher, lifting more weight, or just simply performing better overall. However some of these athletes are after the same end goal but they are taking a different path to get there. Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) are becoming more and more common among younger athletes these days. There has been much talk with doctors, coaches and parents about the controversy and misconceptions about these drugs and how more athletes are taking these performance enhancing drugs and how they can have many side affects, positive and negative. The goal of this paper is to state that the negative side affects out weigh the potential benefits of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS).

in any case times, working-class signal assist deviate antitoxin provides ends when ragtag stop winning them. Increasingly, I besides regard researchers skeptical of the essential dose accusation wind chemical imbalances of serotonin explain why sundry people struggle with emotional disorders. Superficially, some of the master sage meander helter-skelter is a chemical dissimilarity of serotonin occupy in disorders such as depression is prowl specific medications promptly help. On the other hand, this is similar to adage digress if Tylonol sometimes helps you overcome a nuisance, meet headaches must be caused by a Tylonol imbalance. This doesn’t certainly not far outlandish extensively from the certainly digress analgesic medications cause be accessible in some acclimate, but it does suggest, at least, that the mechanisms by which antidepressants sometimes pretence are in question by out of the ordinary in the scientific community. According to the most former matter forgiven by the Spacious Center for Fitness Data, With reference to 11% of all Americans ancient 12 and older are taking an dull medicine for some reason. relating to 25% of American detachment superannuated 40 to 59 are taking an antidepressant. More than 60% of individuals taking an antidepressant attempt executed therefore for walk out on 2 age, and approximately 14% have been taking them for over 10 years. Many of these

Do you know what proper steroid use can do for you in sports? Steroids are a synthetic form of the male hormone testosterone and can help your body be the best that it can be and improve your game. Steroids have been used as early as 776 BC in the original Olympic Games by the ancient Greeks to enhance their performance. There are many different forms of this drug some you take by mouth and some you have to inject and when used responsibly there can be endless benefits, but when used irresponsibly the drug can cause serious damage to the body and in severe cases it can cause death. There are already many forms of legal steroids called test booster, this supplement boosts the testosterone levels in the body for muscle growth. Test boosters are much milder than actual steroids but they are still considered steroids. Steroids are great at speeding up the recovery of your muscles, it does this with the male hormone testosterone. Some of the steroids you can take by mouth are Anadrol, Anavar, Dianabol, Halotestin, and Primobolin. Some of the popular injectable steroids are Stanozolol, Enanthate, Propionate, and Cypionate. I think that steroids should be allowed in today 's sports only for the fact that it speeds up muscle recovery and muscle growth. An athlete 's career is short enough as it is, with the proper use of steroids it can help them recover from an injury faster that could possibly end their

Androstenedione is a hormone used to make medicine. The body makes Androstenedione naturally by the adrenal glands, ovaries, and testicles; but it comes in a pill and as a spray form as well. (“Androstendedione”). The effects of having too much Androstendedione result in its conversion in the body to estrogen and testosterone (“Androstenedione: Uses..”). It is used to increase the production of the hormone testosterone to enhance athletic performance, increase energy, keep red blood cells healthy, and enhance recovery and growth from exercise. This causes athletes to take Androstenedion through pills to staggeringly improve their athletic ability against their opponents. Androstenedione is known to increase the chance of prostate cancer, baldness, and liver disease. Since Androstenedione bumps up the levels of testosterone in the body, it can lead to enlarged breasts, even on males. The steroid can also lead to aggression and depression. (“Androstenedion”). But since Androstenedione is used for medical use, it is not illegal to use for the public; but sports have banned it from being used by

Depression being an affective mood disorder is a serious global public health issue with over 350 million sufferers worldwide8,10,11. Although it is described with feelings of low mood, inadequacy, guilt, low self-worth, loss of motivation, interest, pleasure and concentration; it is also associated with a functional deficit of the monoamine transmitters (serotonin and noradrenaline) in certain brain regions such as amygdala, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex6,10. It can also induce biological symptoms like retardation of thought and action as well as sleep disturbances, loss of appetite and libido and if left untreated, it can eventually lead to disability8,11. Therefore, the pharmacotherapy plays a crucial role in the treatment of depression.

The hypothesis that was tested with this experiment is that boys who are underweight tend to victimize themselves and have depressive symptoms more than young males that don’t see themselves as underweight. Blashill purpose was to know how if these feelings is what lead them to start using Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS).

    Anabolic-androgenic steroids are a group of hormones, which includes the natural male hormone, testosterone, and a number of synthetic compounds. "Anabolic" refers to muscle building, while "androgenic" refers to increased masculine characteristics. Anabolic effects are basically muscle growth. Androgenic effects produce secondary male sex characteristics like facial hair, body hair, deepening of the voice, and so on. In the 1950's scientists were trying to isolate the muscle building properties without the masculinizing effects. This lead to the development of synthetic anabolic steroids.

(3) While successful drug therapies which act on neurotransmitters in the brain imply that depression is a neurobiological condition (4), the fact that such medications do not help about 20 percent of depression-sufferers seems to show that not all depression is due to such imbalances. Rather, depression is not caused by one single factor; it is most often caused by many different things. Genetics, biochemical factors, medicines and alcohol, developmental and other external factors, and relationships, marriage and children all have effect on the development of clinical depression. (5) The strongest hypotheses on the pathways to depression are in decreases in the activity of specific neurotransmitters, or the overactivity of certain hormonal systems. (3)