The Treatment Of Blood Transfusion

As expected, with war comes extensive injuries. During WWI, it took a wounded soldier about 24 hours to travel from the battlefield to a hospital. Many times, the soldiers did not live through that excruciating 24 hours. The wounds inflicted on many soldiers led to the development of new medical techniques and improvements (iWonder 2015). The quickly rising death toll during WWI led to the creation of blood transfusion techniques. Prior to WWI, blood transfusions were nearly impossible without cross-matching blood types. An article published by Medical History argues that, “Though the technique (blood transfusions) caused several deaths, it did save dozens of other men, proving its lifesaving

The market of human blood transfusions is broken down into different uses: Elective Surgery, Emergency Surgery and Trauma. However, Hemopure seems to be suitable only for trauma cases due to its characteristics and, again, high price. To understand the reason, it is important to notice that, actually, only 10% of the 500,000 trauma victims receives RBCs “in the field” or at the site of accident, and the remaining 95% of these people does not receive transfusions until they arrive at the hospital. This delay was often cited as a major factor to the 20,000 trauma deaths. Therefore, since the expected market share for Biopure is 25% and assuming that the total blood transfusions remain stable, the potential market size for Hemopure is approximately $350,000,000. This size is based on an average price of $700 multiplied by 2,000,000 units (around 4 blood units are needed for each Trauma case).

t all began in 1818 according to the Blood Centers of the Pacific the first recorded successful human blood transfusion was accomplished during this era. However due to the lack of knowledge and research, it was followed by many blood transfusion failures. But 80 years later, scientists discovered that our red blood cells are different from one another, which was the cause of many incompatibilities blood transfusions in the 1800's. Due to this four blood types were identified - A, B, AB and O. This discovery revolutionized hematology and led the way for successful blood transfusions.

The Oxyglobin and Hemopure substitutes developed by Biopure have an advantage over blood transfusions in many areas including blood type matching, universality in terms of donating, such as O+ blood recipients. The blood substitutes also had a much longer storage life of 2 years as opposed to the 6-week storage life of transfused blood. Furthermore, with the rise of diseases such as AIDS and increasing public concern about the same, blood substitutes also helped mitigate that risk. Baxter International and Northfield Laboratories-products sourced their blood substitutes from human blood whereas, Biopure sourced it from animal blood, cattle in particular. This put them in a better position than their competitors. Also Biopure’s Hemopure and Oxyglobin did not require refrigeration unlike its competitor’s products.

In 1667, Jean-Baptiste Denis from France reported transfusing blood from lambs into human, which was later declared illegal. An American physician, from Philadelphia, performed the first human to human blood transfusion but did not report it when he did so in 1795. James Blundell, a british obstetrician, successfully performed a transfusion for a patient with postpartum hemorrhage in 1818 and later performed 10 more and half were successful. In 1840, Samuel Armstrong Lane helped with the first transfusion to treat hemophilia and in 1867, and English surgeon named Joseph Lister used antiseptics to reduce the risk of infections during transfusions. In 1900 an Austrian physician discovered the first 3 human blood groups, A, B, and C that was later renamed O. Hepatitis B was found in blood n 1971 so testing on donor blood began and in 1985, the first blood screening test for HIV was licensed and used in blood banks around the world to protect the supply of blood.

In a publication of the Stanford University School of Medicine, held an article entitled “Against the Flow—What’s Behind the Decline in Blood Transfusions?” The author of that article, Sarah C. P. Williams, stated: “Over the past decade, a growing body of research has revealed that in hospitals around the world, donated blood is used more often, and in larger quantities, than is needed to help patients—both in operating rooms and hospital

Society has taught that they are to abstain from blood transfusions since this was considered to be “eating blood”

The British Army started blood transfusions. Captain Oswald Robertson had the idea of stockpiling blood. The first blood bank was successfully used in 1917. Using sodium citrate, blood could be kept up to twenty-eight days.

Of course transfusion was associated with haemoglobin criteria on admission (p=0.001), and the quantity of packed red cells given was also associated with haemoglobin grouping on admission (p70 g/L that received blood transfusions for upper GI bleeding, suggesting that some physicians are initiating blood transfusions with a more liberal strategy in some circumstances. Given the recent evidence finding that blood transfusions can contribute to increased morbidity and mortality in patients, there are grounds for this audit to be expanded and continued to determine the results of a fuller and in-depth cohort to understand the reasons behind liberal strategies for initiating blood

A blood transfusion is a safe, common procedure in which blood is given to you through an intravenous (IV) line in one of your blood vessels. ("What Is a Blood Transfusion? - NHLBI, NIH." U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2016.) On March 15, 1937,

Some medical conditions, such as patients requiring chemotherapy, or patients with blood diseases, may require multiple transfusions of blood and blood products. A section within the procedure specific form was developed to meet the above need known as Blood and Blood Products Transfusion Consent. This consent document is unique as it includes the possibility of consenting to multiple blood and blood product transfusions for a specific period of time. Documentation must include frequency and approximate end dates of the transfusions. When a course of transfusion needs to change due to a change in patient’s condition or a change in the treatment program, a fresh consent to the new course of treatment should be obtained and documented with the

On top of those odds, there is an extraordinarily slim chance of contracting HIV from a blood transfusion on its own. Using the disturbed logic of the FDA’s new referral, a man should know the absolute outcome of an HIV test after a year, when in reality a test can come back to a patient in less than a day. Even if a patient heeds a doctors recommendation of waiting three months to allow possible antibodies to form, that leave nine months where a man could be clear to donate; without any reasoning however, he still can not. After a man has been cleared with an HIV exam, their is no scientific reason as to why he is not able to donate blood, making this a more discriminatory issue.

Background: Even though, transfusion practices have changed over the years since the publication of the transfusion requirement in critical care (TRICC) trial a decade ago which called for a transfusion restriction, blood loss related to frequent blood draws remains to be problematic in the critical care units. In fact, over 37 to 44% of patient’s intensive care unit (ICU) receive a blood transfusion during their hospitalization. Purpose: To determine whether the use of blood-saving apparatus will preserve hemoglobin, hematocrit and decrease transfusion requirements in critically ill adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Data Source: Subject related articles were extracted, reviewed, critiqued and synthesized using a comprehensive search approach, relevant articles on existing literature were extracted from the following databases: CINAHL Plus, Cochrane, MEDLINE via EBSCOhost and Google Scholar. The included articles were specific to research question, varied in their evidence levels and research designs. Results: Data saturation of the reviewed studies showed the use of blood-saving apparatus with restrictive blood transfusion significantly decreases unnecessary blood loss. In fact, the cost associated with implementing such devices are minimal when compared to the cost and risk factors associated with blood transfusion. Implications for Practice: Blood conservation devices have been effective in decreasing blood loss related diagnostic sampling, and the risk factors

Blood is one of the integral components of body constituents, which flows throughout body and becomes a reason for survival. Blood transfusion is a life saving intervention for patients in need of transfusion. Blood borne infections are common serious hurdles of blood transfusion. Considering the serious consequences of these infections and to hold back the transmission to minimum, it is extremely important to remain vigilant about the possible spread of these diseases in the course of blood transfusion1.

Commercial plasma businesses have created a host of severe public health problems and after- effects. Not only are are blood donors contracting this disease from the poor sanitation and lack of responsible HIV testing, but it also indirectly impacting the health of families and hospital patients. Since the symptoms of HIV are not immediately detected, the infection can be transmitted to sexual partners, and even blood transfusions in hospitals. HIV prevalence is 15.1% among former plasma donors and 4.8% among non-donors, demonstrating that the HIV/AIDS epidemic has also spread to non-donors (Ji et al. 2006).