The Treatment Of Cancer And Cancer

In women, one of the most common cancers of course is breast cancer, in men prostate cancer and in men and women, lung cancer and colon cancer are common cancers. It is important to understand that the cancer that occurs in one individual is very different from the cancer that occurs in another. Everyone is different; a lung tumor in one person will be different from a lung tumor in another person. Once a diagnosis of cancer is made, the next obvious question is what do you do? There are several things that are really relevant, for example, the stage of the cancer which is information about where is the cancer?

A key factor in the development of tumors is the ability of cancerous cells to evade recognition from the bodies’ natural defense against cancer, the immune system. Immunotherapies effectively block the pathways that shield cancerous cells from being identified, and thus the promote the bodies own anti-tumor response. However, one challenge to immunotherapy has been its combination with chemotherapy, the mainstay of cancer treatment. While chemotherapy is extremely effective in stopping the rapid division of cancerous cells, its toxic immunosuppressive side-effect make it difficult to combine with

There are many different type of cancers, there are also many different types of treatments. One of the most known types of treatments would be chemotherapy. Chemotherapy can be used for a wide range of different types of cancers and diseases, and each of the different types of cancers or diseases require a different group, and sometimes order, of chemicals to properly treat the cancer or disease. These chemicals include: Alkylating agents, Antimetabolites, Anthracyclines, Topoisomerase inhibitors, mitotic inhibitors, corticosteroids, and more. Each of these drugs previously listed have its own cancer type(s) or disease(s) that it can assist in treating. Some of these cancers include: Leukemia, Lymphoma, Hodgkin disease, multiple

The research presented in Jedd D. Wolchok “Cancer’s Off Switch” examines two different forms of immunotherapy used to treat cancer cells by boosting the patient's own immune system defenses. The article provides a comprehensive history of the scientific discoveries and previous research that lead to the immunotherapy treatments, specifically the different levels of the immune system. In addition, the article addresses two different methods of immunotherapy currently in testing in clinical use. The research is educationally significant because it focuses on the body's internal defense system and attempts to disable the brakes cancer cells enforce on the immune system, which has shown progress in both tumor size regression and improvements in

I would refer a family friend or colleague to the American Cancer Society (ACS) website where a huge selection of support programs is offered throughout treatment and recovery (ACS, 2017c). There is an entire section dedicated to assisting with finding resources in whatever area someone is in or near and different programs from which to choose (ACS, 2017c). Visitors of the website can also filter their search based on an array of different choices ranging from, but not limited to, advocacy, assistance, information, referral, supplies, support groups, and transportation (ACS, 2017c). The website is also very easy to navigate with phone numbers and live chat options (ACS, 2017c).

According to Khalil et al. (2016), normal people also may experience some anxiety and fear as a part of their life. But, the high frequency of anxiety may be due to a lot of physical symptoms caused by cancer itself like sweating, shortness of breath, dizziness etc. This may be due to excessive fear about cancer progression or the impact of the illness. Patients having anxiety problems may also experience depression, but it should be remembered depression can make anxiety worse or vice versa (National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), 2012; https://www.nccn.org). According to a study by Khalil et al. (2016), gender is not a significant contributor to depression and anxiety in cancer patients. These results contradict a study by West et al.

In this case study we have an eight year old boy who has a malignant tumor. The young man was treated at a city hospital, but the treatment failed him. The physician recommended that he under goes a surgical procedure, but his family is very religious and they believe in the power of prayer, they are also fearful of the procedure going wrong. The family then refuses the surgery. The surgeon stresses that the surgery is the best option for the little boy if they want him to live, so the hospital is thinking about going over the family’s head and getting a court order approved so they may do surgery and save the boy’s life.

Therefore, dose and duration of treatment is limited, which in turn limits the amount of normal and tumor cell death. A second mechanism is the suppression of cancer cells for variable periods of time without cell death. This mechanism is referred to as remission. Unfortunately, the cancer can return at any time, and it is sometimes stronger. Here another limitation is introduced. Some tumor cells can develop resistance to a particular chemical agent, or several chemical agents, limiting the types of chemotherapeutic agents available for effective use. The last mechanism is cell differentiation, which helps the immune system learn to recognize and fight tumor cells (1).

Cancer is defined as a category of diseases that consist of cells in the human body dividing at an unstoppable rate and result in spreading to surrounding tissue creating tumors. Cancer affects approximately 14 million people and result in 8.2 million deaths as of 2012. However, researches continue to try and develop many kinds of treatments for cancer patients and aim to find a cure for this monstrous disease. Immunotherapy is one of the treatment options that involve the use of chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) T-cells to attack and destroy the cancer cells. The process of Immunotherapy began in 1976 as a method to create a vaccine using cowpox to prevent smallpox. However, the use of immunotherapy as a treatment for cancer patients began

Docetaxel also sold as Taxotere or Docecad, is a settled threatening to mitotic chemotherapy pharmaceutical that works by intruding with cell division. Docetaxel is affirmed by the FDA for treatment of secretly advanced or metastatic chest infection, head and neck development, gastric tumor, hormone-adamant prostate danger and non small cell lung disease. It works by preventing the disease cells from isolating into 2 new cells, so it obstructs the development of tumor. Docetaxel ties to microtubules reversibly with high fondness and has a greatest stoichiometry of one mole docetaxel per mole tubulin in microtubules. Docetaxel can be used as a lone administrator or in mix with other chemotherapeutic pharmaceuticals as shown depending upon

As the world continues to suffer from these devastating diseases, researchers continue to find alternative therapeutic ways of addressing cancer treatment. It is on this premise that various immunotherapeutic alternatives have emerged and currently garnering the greatest level of attention and already raising hope throughout the world in addressing the treatment of NSCLC. However, this can no longer be viewed as a discovery but a wave in the medicine world that began in the 20th century. Various researchers have found the importance of the role of immune systems in fighting the growth of tumor caused by cancer cells. A study by Huncharek (2000) stated that specific immune boosters are capable of eliminating preclinical cancers. In contrast, Jermal et al. (2011) found that immunotherapy is an effective approach for the treatment of tumors that have already turned into solid. Similarly, the researchers highlighted that immunotherapy can be an effective approach to the treatment of melanoma as well as renal cell cancers (Lasalvia-Prisco, 2008). However, Jemal et al. (2011) noted that immunotherapy cannot achieve much in cancer treatment due to limitation brought about by the emission of immunosuppressive cytokines and subsequent loss of antigen expressions. Recent development in research studies on the immunotherapy approach to cancer treatment continues to elicit mixed reactions among researchers of medicinal ecology (Jadad et al., 1996). However, recent development in

Receiving a potentially life-threatening diagnosis, such as cancer, has the potential to be an extremely stressful event and may have long-term effects. Depending on the diagnosis, many cancer patients may experience long-lasting, or chronic stress due to a variety of factors including receiving treatment, experiencing symptoms and side effects of treatment, waiting for test results, and learning that the cancer has recurred. Patients with cancer often report cancer-related posttraumatic stress (National Cancer Institute, 2012). According to the National Cancer Institute, patients who report cancer-related posttraumatic stress often experience repeated frightening thoughts, trouble sleeping, feeling detached from reality, fear, and helplessness (2012). Unfortunately, this stress negatively impacts immune functioning and can lead to tumor progression and metastasis (Hassan et al., 2013). If a cancer diagnosis is stressful, and evidence supports a negative impact of stress on cancer prognosis and recovery, then reducing the stress experienced by cancer patients will lead to better outcomes. Previous research identified social support as a major predictor of reduced stress levels in individuals with cancer (National Cancer Institute, 2012). Social support promotes psychological well-being and posttraumatic growth, a sharp contrast to posttraumatic stress. Posttraumatic growth is defined as the positive psychological change experienced after a highly challenging

Whether a friend, family member, or personally, cancer affects millions each year. In fact, 1,685,210 individuals will be newly diagnosed by cancer and 595,690 will die from cancer in the year of 2016. 2 In order to receive a transplant, radiation, chemotherapy, immunosuppressive drugs, isolation, plus more are required in hopes to achieve success. The possibility of the unknown, the fear of rejection, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), looms throughout the minds of patients and challenges medical professionals. GVHD can begin at any time thus verifying the importance of nursing. GVHD is a condition that occurs when a donor’s bone marrow attacks the patient, which varies in organs and tissues. As a result, the affected organs or tissues lose their ability to function and increase the risk of infection for the recipient. Nurses are solely responsible for recognizing early signs of rejection during patient hospitalization, teaching patients how to recognize signs of rejection when at home, preventing infection, and vital to the overall health of an immunocompromised patient. GVHD varies depending on the length of the condition (acute or chronic). Nurses must be competent in assessing the multiple organ systems for rejection. To name a few, the skin, stomach, intestines, liver, joints, eyes, and lungs can be affected. Some signs of rejection include rashes, jaundice, abdominal discomfort, sores in mouth, trouble breathing, diarrhea, and nausea, in addition to others. Evaluating

Immunotherapy is a form of medical treatment intended to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. This can be by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immune response. Immunotherapies designed to elicit or amplify an immune response are classified as activation immunotherapies, while those that reduce or suppress immune response are suppression immunotherapies. Active immunotherapy has been effective against agents that normally cause acute self-limiting infectious disease. However, a more effective immunotherapy for chronic infectious diseases or cancer requires the use of appropriate target antigens; the

Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with approximately 14 million new cases in 2012.2 The amount of new cases is expected to rise by about 70% over the next 2 decades. Cancer which causes nearly 1 in 6 deaths, is the second leading cause of death globally, and was responsible for 8.8 million deaths in 2015. Approximately 70% of deaths from cancer occur in low- and middle-income countries. In 2012 about 14.1 million new cases of cancer occurred globally (not including skin cancer other than melanoma).3 The most common types of cancer in males are lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer and stomach cancer.