The Treatment Of Muscle Mass Essay

Changes due to the aging process also need to be addressed. Calcium reabsorption increases especially in women after the menopause, this decreases bone density. Lean tissue decreases as fat increases with age; there is also a decline in the percentage of body water meaning that body temperature is more difficult to control. Thirst decline and decreased renal function means that older people can become dehydrated (Copeman 1999). The function of the bowel reduces, meaning that the elderly are more susceptible to indigestion and constipation. The risk of constipation is also increased with Parkinson’s disease (Parkinson’s UK 2011). The final consideration is the deterioration of the sensory system. Taste, smell, vison, pain and touch all decline meaning that food may not be as appealing (Copeman 1999).

Q has reached maximum body growth and biological aging or senescence has begun. Biological ageing is “genetically influenced declines in the functioning of organs and systems that are universal in all members of our species” (Berk, 2010, p. 432). Q exercises daily but he admits that he doesn’t eat a healthy diet all the time. “Regular moderate to

‘Frailty thy name is woman' emotionally refers to his mother 'Hamlet' (Act 1, Scene 2). While the term “frailty” has been around for a while, the use of it in a medical literature has only been evolving in the past 30 years. However, condition with similar meaning, was described back in 1914 in a publication “The Diseases of Old Age and their Treatment” (Nascher, 1914). In this publication Nascher describes a condition of his elderly patients as “senile disability” or “senile cachexia” manifesting in general physical weakness and mental impairments as a result of the aging process. Later, several authors use term “Failure to Thrive” while describing a multifactorial state of decline in elderly (Kimball et al., 1995; Robertson et al., 2004; Sarkisian et al., 1996). The search term “frail elderly” in PubMed.gov generated 8384 results indicating great interest by clinicians and researchers in this topic. However, despite the interest there is considerable uncertainty regarding the concept and definition of frailty (Bergman et al., 2007). Frailty is “one of those complex terms – like independence, life satisfaction, and continuity – that trouble gerontologists with multiple and slippery meanings” (Kaufman, 1994).

It is a known fact that all measures of physiological function decline in human aging. While genetics certainly play a role in the declining of physiological function with age, it can be argued that a fundamental part of aging can be reflected by chemical processes resulting in the appearance of harmful side products of the normal metabolism over time. When enzymes speed up reactions it is harder to slow them down. At the same time side reactions are constantly occurring and more and more unwanted side products are continuously being formed.

Frailty is a common clinical syndrome in older persons that carries an increased risk of poor health outcomes. Frailty has been described as “a physiologic state of increased vulnerability to stressors that decrease physiologic reservoirs, resulting from aging and decrease function of multiple physiologic organs (1). The overall prevalence of frailty in USA community dwelling aged 65 or older in the United States ranges 7-12%. The prevalence of frailty increased with age from 3.9% in the 65-74 age group to 25% in the 85+group, and was greater in women than men (8% vs. 5%) (2).

I have enjoyed reading your post, Laney. As you have stated, the musculoskeletal system goes through many changes due to aging. As we age, we lose muscle mass and bone density. Sarcopenia is one of the most common age related conditions that affect the musculoskeletal system. Sarcopenia refers to the decline in muscle mass that is related to aging. This condition can lead to weakness of the muscles and decreased tolerance to exercising. The lost muscle mass is usually replaced by fatty tissue. This leads to falls and unstable gait. Therefore, a teaching plan for the elderly should include information about the importance of physical activity. The teaching plan should also include information about adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D to

Obesity is a common issue in the older population, but it tends to decrease in extreme old age. As you age, decreased physical activity and decreased energy expenditure leads to fat accumulation. After age 65, muscle mass begins to diminish. If calorie intake continues at the same rate while the muscle mass decreases, the older person will most likely experience fat weight gain (Newman, 2009). The focus of treatment for the elderly population should be on reduction of intra-abdominal fat and preserve muscle mass and strength (Newman, 2009).

“Sarcopenia” is used to indicate progressive reduction in muscle mass, muscle strength and function that affect older people (Pathy et al., 2006).

As aging progresses, the kidneys begin to lose anatomical structures and physiological functions. Only 3% of the elderly have normal kidney structure and function (Mareib and Hoehn, 2012). This is most commonly observed by the loss of renal mass; this can start in early adulthood and 50-90g can be lost. At 90 years old the kidneys weigh 20-40% less than that at 30 years (Saladin, 2010). This loss starts from ages 30-59, and is most considerable from ages 60-70 (Čukuranović and Vlajković, 2005). The loss in renal mass can be primarily attributed to the cortex area and the decline in renal blood flow (Čukuranović and Vlajković, 2005). The changes in renal blood flow will be discussed later. The cortex mass loss is due to the loss of 30-40% the amount of functional nephrons. After the kidney length peak at ages 20-30, there is a subtle shrinking until age 60 and then the decrease accelerates (Čukuranović and Vlajković, 2005).

Sarcopenia can be defined as the age-related loss of muscle mass, strength and function (Waters, Baumgartner & Garry 2000; Vandervoort & Symons 2001). Although there is no specific level of lean body mass or muscle mass at which one can say sarcopenia is present (Roubenoff 2001), any loss of muscle mass is of importance because there is a strong relationship between muscle mass and strength (Roth, Ferrell & Hurley 2000). Sarcopenia appears to begin in the fourth decade of life and accelerates after the age of approximately 75 years (Waters, Baumgartner & Garry 2000). With aging and inactivity, the most atrophy is seen in the fast twitch (FT) fibers which are recruited during high-intensity, anaerobic movements. Although sarcopenia is mostly seen in physically inactive individuals, it is also evident in individuals who remain physically active throughout their lives. This finding suggests that physical inactivity is not the only contributing factor to sarcopenia. Current research is finding that the development of sarcopenia is a multifactorial process. Many factors, including physical inactivity, motor-unit remodeling, decreased hormone levels, and decreased protein synthesis, may all contribute to sarcopenia. Fortunately, sarcopenia is partly reversible with appropriate exercise interventions. This article will focus on the current perspectives of sarcopenia and conclude with the importance of resistance training in preventing it.

Aging of the population is a worldwide phenomenon that is accompanied by a series of modifications to several physiological parameters, such as a progressive increase in fat mass and a decrease in lean body mass. However, these alterations are not linear and must be constantly monitored.In elderly individuals, changes in body composition result in the prevalence of overweight and obesity combined with a loss of muscle mass and strength; this has recently been defined as sarcopenic obesity.Sarcopenic obesity is associated with functional limitations and increased mortality.The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of sarcopenic obesity and its association with obesity and sarcopenia in elderly Brazilian women. Two hundred

As individuals age changes occur physiologically that are part of normal aging. These changes occur in all organ systems and can impact an individual’s quality of life. The changes related to aging can be attributed to an individual’s genetic make up, lifestyle, physical activity, and dietary lifestyle. Being able to differentiate between normal changes in aging against disease process is important because it can help clinicians develop a plan of care (Boltz, Capezuti, Fulmer, & Zwicker, 2012). Creating an accurate plan of care for older adults will greatly impact their quality of life.

Currently, the body physiology or the etiology of sarcopenia is believed to be affected by five main features: aging, genetics, nutrition (Visser & Schaap, 2011), and activity (Tan et al., 2011).

Fried’s Frailty Index is the original tool which was modified for specific purposes. Fried’s Frailty Index have five domains for measuring frailty: shrinking, exhaustion, slowness, weakness, and physical activity. Scores ranged from 0- 5. The score 0 is robust (not frail), score 1-2 is pre-frail, and the score of 3 or greater is frailty (Kistler et al., 2015; Kua et al.,

A degenerative disease is any disease in which deterioration of structure or function of tissues occurs. With that in mind I would like to focus my paper on a disease that afflicts more than 27 million individuals in the United States alone Osteoarthritis . When considering this disease you must consider body composition, but what is body composition? Body composition refers to the amount of fat and lean tissues in the body. As one ages you tend to loose muscle mass and function, this condition is known as scaropneia. Osteoarthritis typically affects patients who are elderly, sedentary or obese. “Osteoarthritis is the leasing cause pf chronic disability in those over 7o years of age, costing the US greater than $100 billion dollars annually.”