The Treaty Of The European Union

The decision of the United Kingdom to leave the European Union has served in reshaping the way politics works in Europe. On June 3rd, 2016 a massive 30 million people came out to vote on the future of their countries. In the end, the vote to leave won 51.9% to 48.1%. Places like England and Wales both voted in favor of the exit, while Scotland and Northern Ireland voted overwhelmingly to stay in. While the long term effects of this decision obviously need time to be observed, the immediate economic impact has been somewhat mixed. The day after the vote was a cause for concern in that “the pound slumped after the referendum - and remains around 10% lower against the dollar and 15% down against the euro” (Wheeler 17). In contrast to this,

The United Kingdom initially joined the European Union in 1973 for economic reasons hoping to promote trade and form relationships with other states in the Union. In 1975 the UK held its first national referendum on withdrawal from the European Economic Community. According to the poll,” 67 % of Britons voted to stay in the EEC and 32 % voted to leave the union” (GYE). Because of this result the UK stayed in the EU in 1975. Over the past 40 years the European Union has been through a lot of change, many more countries have joined the organization and the EU has extended its control over more aspects of daily lives. These changes have sparked a lot of controversy coming from both the UK public and

As soon as the results of the referendum was called the value of the £ had decreased by the most to the rate it was at 1985, evidently causing one of the biggest economical loss in recent British history. Yet, MP’s have demonstrated immense hard work on trying to argue the cause against leaving the EU.

The future of the United Kingdom has never been so uncertain. The British Prime Minister, David Cameron, is keeping the promise he made in 2015, to hold a referendum on whether or not the United Kingdom should remain a member of the European Union. The referendum will take hold on Thursday, 23rd of June of this year. But the results of the last opinion poll held on April 12th to 14th, show, that the British public is fairly evenly split, as 40% want to remain in the European Union and 39% want to leave. The members of the United Kingdom Independence party and other British keen to leave the Union, argue that the UK and its policy makers are being held back and manipulated by the EU, who make too many rules for business, immigration laws and charges billions of pounds a year in membership fees for little in return and undermining the British interests. However, the UK’s investment in the membership and acceptance of rules of the EU, gives the UK far more benefits by allowing it to grow academically, economically and ensures safety for all its citizens and is therefore better off staying a member of this peacemaking Union.

The results of the 2016 UK referendum was a surprise to the rest of the world, but there are definitely factors that made this a predictable result. At first glance, one might assume that economics were the main contributing factor to the people’s discontent of membership in the EU. But as I researched, I found that politics in the UK and the EU had a far greater impact on the feelings of Brits. However, some important economic factors still exist.

The European Union’s role in the international sphere, as well as the aim to improve its external actions, have been considered to be the two most important features of the Lisbon Treaty. Within the Lisbon Treaty, the combination of the provisions on mutual assistance and solidarity created new pressures on member states to assist one another in cases of armed attacks, disasters being it natural or man-made and crisis on EU territory.

The issue of Britain remaining in the European Union, and the consequences of a potential British exit- sometimes shortened to “Brexit”- from the European Union, have come to the forefront of public debate. While some say that Britain’s egress from the EU would benefit it economically, others argue that the contrary is true, and that there would be detrimental economic consequences for Britain and Europe. In truth, the issue is much more complex and multifaceted. Brexit must be looked at in terms of its socioeconomic consequences on immigration, the job market, and trade; and also its political effects on British sovereignty.

Early this year the United Kingdom held a referendum to decide whether to leave or stay apart of the European Union. This event is called the “Brexit” (Britain exiting the European Union), but even though the acronym only includes Britain it means the entirety of the United Kingdom. In the referendum, most of England and Whales voted to leave while Northern Ireland and Scotland voted to stay. Ultimately the United Kingdom’s vote was won in favor of leaving the EU with a 51.9% vote to stay and a 48.1% vote to leave (BBC News). Now the question is what does this mean for the UK and how will this impact its economy in the future? It may be too early to tell how this will play out, but for us to identify what is happening now we must thoroughly and truly understand the reasons for this Brexit in the first place.

How significant has been the development of the EU’s policies concerning the protection of the natural environmental and climate change? What problems have confronted policy-makers in-framing and delivering such policies?

The European Union Law is a set of rules, regulations and directives which creates the direct and the indirect effects, that effect on Member States (MS) of the EU. The different sources of law serve the existence of The EU and explain how the law apply. The primary source of law that formed from the treaties between the members at the establishment of the union was mainly created to bind all the states together, moreover The International Agreements between them, while directives and regulations from the secondary source of law that should be imposed by the MS. In The Court of Justice of The European Union (CJEU), in which Judges are the main legislative authority in setting precedents and rules when it comes to matters like Direct Effect. Direct effect is the concept of The EU, in which appears in the national courts of MS . Directives are the only vertical effect, they are the instructions to MS and this grantee to individuals the right to claim against any failing to transpose a community legislation correctly , also it provide individuals with a valid defence to any action brought by a public authority of a domestic law. Lenz and Jacobs stood against the idea that Directives should only be affective vertically only and they believed that Horizontal should be allowed, because it maybe led to more coherent EU legal effect on domestic laws .

One of the main objectives of the European Union (EU) is the establishment of the internal market, which shall consist of “area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured. The internal market is based upon a customs union achieved through the abolition of the imposition of customs duties and charges having an equivalent effect and the prohibition of discriminatory taxes on intra-EU imports. The internal market is enhanced by the provisions on free movement of workers, freedom of establishment, free movement of services, and free movement of capital. Whereas Articles 28 to 30 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) provide for the establishment of an EU common external tariff and the elimination of customs duties, Articles 34 and 35 of the TFEU (with exceptions under Article 36) go further, and prohibit quantitative restrictions and measures having equivalent effect. Taken together, Articles 28 to 32 and 34 to 36 serve to ensure the free movement of goods within the EU and to facilitate the operation of the internal market.

The European Union (EU) is not a typical international organization. With a mixture of supranational and intergovernmental institutions, its unique structure has become a distinctive political system with some resembles a federation. With no path to trace, the EU must determine which direction it should follow suit. However, these difficult discussions foster constant dispute over how much further integration of member states should proceed. Support for the EU moving towards a federation faces opposition by euro-sceptics who believe further integration should be taken with caution. After the initial project of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was launched by French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman. Six European

All throughout history, it can be noted that women have been at a sever disadvantage when compared to their male counterparts. From simple tasks as who is considered the head of the household to even more challenging tasks like ensuring women are equally represented in government, women have always had to work harder to ensure they are being treated as equal. The same can be seen anywhere in the world, especially in Europe. While the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union states in Article 20, 21 and 23 that every person is equal and cannot be discriminated against, it would be extremely interesting to research how members of the European Union have taken into account said articles and used it in order to ensure that their legislation and way of government provides the ultimate gender equality within their boarders. I plan on examining how different members differ in their levels of equality for men and women and how their legislation is set up in order to make that happen. How has the European Union taken measures in ensuring women’s rights across the board for members of the Union and how effective has their legislature been in ensuring this equality?

Location of Austria (dark green)– in Europe (green & dark grey)– in the European Union (green) – [Legend]

On June 24th 2016, British residents made the collective decision to branch away from the European Union. (The Washington Post) This exit is also to be referenced as “Brexit”. This came as a shock that resonated across the economic markets. This decision trails along greater economic repercussions that will negatively affect the U.K. and global financial markets. The growth in vagueness concerning economic growth in the United Kingdom is the motive for the instantaneous reaction that occurred in the economic markets. Brexit will unavoidably amplify the discrepancy between the UK and their