The Treaty of Waitangi

The reason the Ojibwe Indians were entitled to the treaty rights because they never sold or bargained those privileges away. The Ojibwe Indians reserved rights such as fishing, hunting and gathering of plant resources when the land was sold to the United States.

The Mabo decision of 1992 was hailed as a landmark case in the history of indigenous-white relations in Australia. Overturning centuries of injustice, as well as the myth of right by ‘terra nullius’, the case prompted the passing of the Native Title Act of 1993, which affirmed native title and asserted that native Australians possessed their land under common law, and in doing so ushered in a new era of equality in Australian society. However, though correctly lauded as a milestone in recognition of aboriginals as valid legal entities, the act was not without its problems, and in truth has had little impact on Australian society as a whole. As we shall see, the trend of positive reform existent in the act was not supported in practice, and aboriginal Australians remain at the mercy of Western courts when it comes to their land. Though the Mabo decision and the subsequent Native Title Act went some way to correcting past injustices, its actual impact on Australian society has been negligible.

For the native title act to become seen as a law there where particular rules that must stay intact. This peoples right and interests to be possessed and recognised under the traditional laws currently acknowledged

“[t]he trial judge found that an aboriginal right could not be claimed unless it was supported by a special treaty and that s. 35(1) of the Constitution Act, 1982 accordingly had no

Since European invasion in 1788, Indigenous Australians have fought to retain their rights and freedoms and to have governments recognise them. From 1788 and onwards the British created settlements on land that Aboriginal people previously used and controlled. Throughout the 19th century the government applied policies of ‘protection’ that have segregated Aborigines from Australian society by denying them equality and opportunity. They have achieved some significant changes in the brawl for acknowledgment (Anderson, 2014). Certain key developments that are significant in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders struggles for rights and freedoms are ; 1967 referendum, Mabo decision, bringing them home(stolen generations) and the apology. These four main key developments have been momentous developments for the Australian Indigenous population that are now allowed they’re human rights and freedoms.

The Treaty between the United States of America and the Navajo Tribe of Indians was signed in New Mexico in May of 1868. The Treaty is also known as The Treaty of Bosque Redondo and was set forth to help create peace between the settlers and the native people.

Treaty No. 2 was the second of the eleven treaties to be signed and established during Canada’s infancy. Also known as, “Manitoba Post Treaty”, named after a post of the Hudson Bay Company where the treaty was signed on August 21, 1871 at Manitoba Post, located on the northwest shore of Lake Manitoba. Treaty No. 2 was signed on behalf of the Ojibway by Mekis, Sou-sonce, Ma-sah-kee-yash, Broken Fingers, and Richard Woodhouse. Commissioner Simpson, accompanied by Lieutenant-Governor Archibald, James McKay and Molyneux St. John, Clerk of the Legislative Assembly signed on behalf of the crown. The Ojibway inhabit the area included within the treaty boundaries of approximately 92462 square kilometers located in central southwestern Manitoba and a small portion of southeastern Saskatchewan. Every first nation of Treaty 2 is located in Manitoba and these include: Dauphin River, Ebb and Flow, Keeseekoowenin, Lake Manitoba, Lake St. Martin, Little Saskatchewan, O-Chi-Chak-Ko-Sipi, Pinaymootang, and Skownan.

Law reform in relation to Native Title has developed and become testament to the growing justice for the ATSI community, however effective mean and complete justice is yet to be achieved. From the changing values and attitudes of society, alongside conditions of social change and new concepts of justice- ATSI justice is being implemented, with law reform. With seminal cases alike Mabo and Wik, legislation has been delegated and changed accordingly; with the recognition of Native title - finally succeeding in overturning the “terra nullius” doctrine, which for centuries has damaged and hurt the ATSI peoples. Despite this, with the Wik decision and largely the 10 point plan, it sought to pour "bucket-loads of extinguishment" upon Native Title

The challenges faced By Indigenous Peoples in achieving justice, are both complex and extensive. These issues stem from successive centuries of asserted colonial power, which consequently has resulted in the undermining of rights for many Indigenous communities, including the Australian Aboriginal Peoples and Maori Peoples of New Zealand. Systemic abuse of power has resulted in the gradual erosion of Indigenous culture, and as thus, rights of Indigenous communities, including Intellectual Property and Cultural Rights, have been neglected. As a result, a growing body of declarations, statements, and other developments both within governmental systems, as well as in the wider international justice arena have been received. However, many

The topic of my propaganda poster is the Lateran Accords, these accords game the church their own country. Mussolini gave the Pope the city of the Vatican to get on the pope’s good side. This wasn’t the only thing Mussolini did to gain the pope’s trust. Mussolini shut down many nightclubs and wine vineyards. He even baptised his children and got married under the Catholic church. Mussolini looked at the Catholic church as an army of 400 million scattered around the world. If he got the church to accept fascism then he could draw many other Italians and catholics to accept their message. This accord also meant that the Pope favors Italian Fascism and allowed many people to embrace it

Evidence of potential disputes over land and sovereignty had been prevalent since the early contact between Maori and Pakeha, over these early origins of the issues generated the signing of the Treaty in an attempt resolve the surrounding issues. But in fact the contestability of the treaty itself and from the translation variance between the Maori and English versions rose up many more issues

New Zealand is one of the countries in the world that has unwritten consititution and it is vital because it is the base of a government on how to govern a country based on it. Having a written constitution in New Zealand will give New Zealanders more access about certain documents on the consitution itself. On the other hand, if New Zealand continuously having an unwritten constitution, the citizen may not have knowledge on it due to limited access on it. This essay will clarify on constitution and what is a written constitution. This essay also covers the need to include the Constitution Act 1986, the Public Finance Act 1989 and the Arms Act 1983 and removing the Public Sector Act 1988 from it.

The three sections discuss the impact of systematic dispossession of Maori land in Aotearoa New Zealand during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. The first section, Wynyard draws on Marx’s theory of primitive accumulation. Primitive accumulation in the New Zealand context is perceived as an alienation of Maori land for colonial settlers. Likewise, it represents a countless amount of force, fraud, and oppression towards Maori in order to operate a capital accumulation. In other words, it is a form of cultural theft in stealing Maori lands and resources (Heim, 1998). Thus, primitive accumulation causes indigenous Maori left with nothing besides selling themselves as labor to work for the European civilization. This concept is similar to how capitalism was formed in the early colonization in Europe through the same progress of stealing the land and the development of agriculture. The second section, Wynyard covers the case of the Native Land Court where he titled the section as the Theft made legal. The Native Land Court is an intention of freeing up the so-called Theft in obtaining legal act through creating the law in a way to benefit the settlers. The main mean of this act is to maintain the system of British law. This law is launched to completely destroy and ignore the Maori laws through establishing courts, institution and land acts that permit them to

In the beginning of the 19th century, almost all New Zealanders were considered to be Maoris. The Maoris made up nearly the whole country, with a population between 100-120,000, while the European population was down in the hundreds. In 1818, the Musket Wars resulted in the loss of over a fifth of the Maori population, at least 20,000 dead and thousands more captured (“Overview of NZ”). The Musket War was a war that began when the Europeans introduced their advanced technology and muskets into New Zealand. The Musket Wars were a series of inter-tribal wars caused by tribes all trading to obtain muskets. At the end of the wars, in 1830, a new conflict for the Maori population took rise when “warfare gave way to economic rivalry” (“The Musket Wars”). From 1830 on, Europeans would come to New Zealand in waves of hundreds and thousands of people, threatening the Maoris’ once complete control over the land. This brewing economic rivalry was what paved the way for the Treaty of Waitangi, New Zealand’s founding document. This treaty was interpreted differently by the English and Maoris, something the British had purposely done. The British plan to deceive the natives resulted in both land and governmental conflicts. Land disputes caused by the treaty’s misinterpretations between the Maori people and the settlers sparked the New Zealand Wars in 1861-1870. At the end of these wars, new laws were passed that nearly abolished Maori rights. In 1896, New Zealand was no longer a Maori

Te Tiriti o Waitangi is an agreement made between groups of people representing the British crown and Māori chiefs in 1840 (Orange, 2004). The Treaty of Waitangi has four elements: kawanatanga, tino rangatira, oretitanga and tikangatanga. This essay will focus on oritetanga element of the treaty in relation to socio-political contexts and social justice with examples. It will then go on to the current views of Maori in health experiences in relation to existing clinical and community health/disability services. It will then apply the knowledge of Maori health to everyday professional practice. Finally, this essay will have a brief discussion of nursing practice in relation to oritetanga.