The Tukey's Studentized Range (HSD) Test For Cholesterol

Many studies were conducted on coronary artery disease (CAD) because it is the leading cause of mortality and premature disability so studies investigated those at risk of coronary atherosclerosis aiming to provide early treatment (Kolovou et al., 2005), (Akhabue et al., 2014).

Daniel Fuller, Lise Gauvin, Yan Kestens, Mark Daniel, Michel Fournier, Patrick Morency, and Louis Drouin American Journal of Public Health 2013 !03;3. e85-e92. Print.

There is a risk for a type 1 error in this study because of the multiple comparisons in this study.

“You're more likely to have high cholesterol that can lead to heart disease if you have any of these risk factors such as smoking, obesity, large waist circumference, poor diet, lack of exercise and diabetes.” (Mayo Clinic Staff)

Heart disease, also known cardiovascular disease, is an illness like none other; it takes an unfortunate toll on the body and causes many malfunctions. People who deal with this disorder suffer from problems such as heart attacks, coronary heart disease, heart failure, and more. Although heart disease is a major concern for many people, it is not as prevalent for those in certain parts of the world. This paper compares the rates of heart disease in the United States versus those in Japan. After studying this disease and how it affects people around the world, it is clear that Americans have much higher rates of heart disease than the Japanese, mainly because of risk factors, like poor diets and lack of exercise. By studying the history of heart disease in both countries, the implications of the disorder, and different populations impacted, it is clear that heart disease is a major epidemic around the world. The evidence that reports the differences of heart disease rates between America and Japan is astounding.

University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center . (2013). Hypothesis Testing . Retrieved March 21, 2013, from Biostatistics for the Clinician : http://www.uth.tmc.edu/uth_orgs/educ_dev/oser/L2_2.HTM

The Framingham study and others that followed showed us that HDL-cholesterol is an independent cardiovascular risk factor and that the increase of HDL-cholesterol of only 10 mg/dL leads to a risk reduction of 2-3% (PubMed.gov, Nov. 2012). Higher levels of HDL cholesterol result in a risk of cardiovascular disease closer to the default risk. Cardiovascular disease risk increases then plateaus with greater ratios between total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. Thus, higher levels of HDL cholesterol proportionate to levels of total cholesterol relate to lower cardiovascular disease risk (Lecture #3). Having a HDL-cholesterol of 60 mg/dL and above is the best place for a person to be. A bit lower, but considered a good HDL-cholesterol level standing is 40-49 mg/dL for men and 50-59 mg/dL for women. All three of us, me, my mother, and the case study Danny are in good standing regarding HDL-cholesterol levels, my mother with 55 mg/dL, me with 50 mg/dL, and Danny with 40

Regular cholesterol screening is an important part in maintaining good health, but may be confusing. By understanding the role cholesterol plays in the body, you can better understand why regular screening is important.

Text: Daniel, W. W. (2009). Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences, 9th edition. NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Cholesterol can lead up to coronary heart disease. This is where deposits of lipids cause plaque build-up restricting the blood flow to the heart which

The second study completed by Mora et al12, known as the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and completed as a multi-center cohort through the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), gathered data on carotid intima-media thickness and lipoprotein measurements to compare small and large LDL particles to the thickness of the carotid intima-media to determine cardiovascular risk based on particle size. The methods started with gathering carotid atherosclerosis measurements that were interpreted through

The outcome then depends on the data and information collected. While testing a hypothesis, the researcher might commit type 1 or type 2 error because either the null hypothesis or alternative hypothesis is rejected when it is true. Rejecting of the null hypothesis will result in type 1 error; and alternative hypothesis in type 2 error.  It is therefore important to allow room for possibility of committing either of these errors as no study is perfect (Chang, 2011).

While cholesterol is a commonly used word in healthcare, most people do not know what it means. Cholesterol is a “fat-soluble steroid alcohol that is produced in the liver from saturated fats and obtained from animal fats and oils in the diet” (Wells, 2012). Cholesterol is used to make certain hormones, like estrogen and testosterone, and aids in digesting fats. Cholesterol is a combination of a steroid ring structure and a hydroxyl group (Figure 1). It is important to note that there are two types of cholesterol: LDL, which is low-density lipoprotein and HDL which stand for high-density lipoprotein. LDL is considered the “bad cholesterol” because it contributes to fatty buildup in the arteries which can later lead to heart disease or a

Cardiovascular diseases were once considered to be the scourge of the industrialised world given their affluent, comfortable lifestyles and dietary choices. However, in recent decades there has been a proliferation of epidemio- logical evidence highlighting the existence of the risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) like diabetes, hypert- ension and obesity in low-and middle-income (LMI) coun- tries.

A Type I error is the worst type of error a researcher can make while conducting an experiment. A Type I error is the rejection of the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is actually true. Therefore, a Type I error is a false positive and it indicates that results are significant when they are not. For example, if a researcher states that the amount of antidepressants taken by individuals will decrease the number of suicides, the outcome could be potentially harmful. Individuals would become reliant on the medication and have expectations of the antidepressant lowering their likelihood of committing suicide. Unfortunately, this Type I error could potentially increase suicide. Setting a low alpha level will allow the researcher to avoid