The Twin Of Twin Transfusion Syndrome ( Ttts )

Sometimes when an older woman is pregnant with multiple babies, fetal resorption, or vanishing twin syndrome, happens. After one twin or multiple is miscarried, the stronger fetus absorbs it. This only occurs in about twenty one percent of twin and multiple fetus pregnancies. After my sister was born in 1985, my mother was told that she wouldn’t have anymore children. She was fine with this, until thirteen years later she found out she was pregnant with twins. But shortly afterwards, she found out that the boy was miscarried and absorbed by his sister; me.

Procedures such as amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS) represent the standard diagnostic methods used by clinicians to screen fetuses for abnormalities or genetic disease such as Down syndrome. In amniocentesis, a needle is inserted into the amniotic sac of the mother and a small sample of amniotic fluid is obtained. Fetal tissue is contained within the amniotic fluid and is subsequently analyzed genetically and cytogenetically for abnormalities. In the case of CVS, a sample of placental tissue is obtained through the mother’s cervix for downstream genetic analysis as in the case of amniocentesis (CDC,

The normal flow of blood through the heart consists of the entry of blood to the right atrium through to the right ventricle and then the blood passes through the tricuspid valve entering the lungs and then through to the left atrium and to the left ventricle via the mitral valve and finally into the body. During fetal development, however there are the risks for congenital anomalies. These congenital heart disorders consist of Atrial septal defect (ASD) and Ventricular septal defect (VSD). ASD is one of the common congenital heart defects that requires interventional measures or repair. The condition occurs when the foramen ovale the opening between the atria prior to birth does not close and there

Tetrology of Fallot(TOF) is the most common prenatal congenital cyanotic heart disease accounts for about 1/3600 live births and about 7% to 10% of of all congenital heart disease and is the most common cause of cyanosis in the neonatal period1 , 2. Typical Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) may be missed in Four chamber view. An abnormal Four chamber view is rarely seen in typical TOF cases . In the typical form of TOF the fetal echocardiography is often characterized by a normal four-chamber view, a subaortic Ventricular septal defect (VSD), Dilated over riding of aorta seen in a LVOT view, Pulmonary stenosis and an increased Aorta/Pulmonary artery ratio, minimal antegrade flow in the main pulmonary artery and the aortic flow originated from right and left ventricle. All pregnant women with low risk factors , suspected fetal cardiac anomalies and with increased risk factors should be analyzed by extended fetal echo during the level 2 scan (18 – 22 weeks scan ). It is also important to identify the side of the aortic arch, which is quite easier in the prenatal period in three vessel view . This will be useful if surgery is planned postnatally. Extracardiac abnormalities, such as midline defects, central nervous system and renal abnormalities may be found in fetuses with TOF. These extracardiac defects are associated with chromosomal abnormalities. When TOF is diagnosed, serial follow up scans at 5 – 6 weeks intervals are adviced to know about the growth of the

On ultrasound there is a live fetus whose biometry is consistent with 20 weeks 5 days. A detailed anatomic survey was unremarkable but spine and RVOT were suboptimal. The placenta is posterior. Abdominal cervical length is reassuring.

By dates, she is 14 6/7 weeks and the measurements overall are concordant. The amniotic fluid volume is normal and the cervix is long and closed with no evidence of membrane funneling. An overview fetal assessment was performed and no gross malformations were noted. A detailed anatomy assessment was not performed due to the early gestational age.

By dates, she is 33 ½ weeks. Both twins are cephalic with twin A on the left, slightly anterior, and twin B more to the right and superior. Both have good amniotic fluid. The dividing membrane is identified. The BPP scores are 8/8 and the Doppler studies are reassuring. An overview fetal anatomy assessment was performed, though limited by the more advanced gestational age in conjunction with twins. No gross malformations were noted but again a detailed assessment was not possible.

In this instance, the twins’ blood circulates together. This is just one instance of mutual dependency in this type of twinning, and survival depends on the amount of shared tissue. Another common merge attaches digestive organs and the diaphragm. In these two instances, there are two fully developed twins. Each twin has two arms and two legs. The only thing that sets these twins apart from anyone else is the small area of unity in the upper body. The only negative consequences are the natural risks due to the shared organs. One twin may be subject to an ailment, and the other twin can also suffer from it. This is why such twins have a hard time surviving into adulthood.

Twin girls were born in the East African country with a fatal condition. These twins were conjoined. In the African society, this condition was viewed as disgraceful, making it harder for the parents to seek medical treatment. So, In mid-2016 the 22-month-old twins, that were conjoined at the abdomen and pelvis, came to the U.S. for treatment. According to the article "An Ethical Dilemma In A Case Of Conjoined Twins From East Africa" it says "Doctors determined that Twin A, as the paper calls her, suffered from congenital heart disease. Doctors believed she would die with or without the separation surgery. And they further believed that if the twins were not separated and Twin A were to die, Twin B would die soon after because of shared blood

Congenital heart defects are problems intrinsic to the heart that present at birth. They develop during fetal growth in utero mainly due to genetic malformations, environmental factors, and multifactorial reasons. The environment within which the fetus develops (the uterus) is a very crucial contribution to normal fetal growth and development. It is common to find disruptions within this microenvironment; the consequent effect being the disruption of normal growth and organ developments. The timing is, however, important as well. During the first trimester, organs are being crafted from primitive cells and tissues. Internal and external factors, therefore, take the opportunity to cause disruption. The most common congenital anomalies are

By dates, she is 11 ½ weeks and viable twins are identified with good cardiac motion at 12-12 ½ weeks size. The nuchal translucency measurement

Evaluating amniotic fluid is an essential component of any obstetric ultrasound exam. It is especially important in twin pregnancies, as they can be difficult and complex to begin with. This article describes a potential pitfall, the amniotic wrinkle, which can lead to the erroneous impression that both twins have adequate fluid when one actually has oligohydramnios. The intrauterine sling or cocoon sign is also discussed, which, with the amniotic wrinkle, has been linked to twin-twin transfusion syndrome.

The proportion of major congenital abnormalities, prematurity, low birthweight, and small size for gestational age observed in those women who received

Oxytocin transiently compromises fetal circulation by increasing frequency, duration and strength of uterine contractions where this effect was studied by Olofsson et al. in 1996, using ultrasound and Doppler assessment where uterine and umbilical artery flow resistance increased significantly during uterine contractions reflecting rapid and exaggerated increase of vascular resistance in both arteries (12).

This paper will discuss the reasons why it is beneficial to the mother, fetus, and the couple to have prenatal testing done. Specifically, this paper will look at ultrasound, amniocentesis, and cell-free DNA blood testing. Also, the paper will show why the benefits outweigh the negative outcomes of having these kinds of testing done.