The Two Most Important Underlying Factors Of Informalisation

A lot of theories have been propounded to give basis for international migration in modern times. Migration is the movement of people from the rural area to urban centres, and from less developed countries to more resourced-endowed economies primarily to seek for economic opportunities or run away from war or famine. Among the proposed theories is the neoclassical theory of migration which was rooted in models designed to enhance the appreciation of internal labour migration in the economic development process (Hicks, 1932; Lewis, 1954; Harris and Todaro, 1970). Assuming full employment, the theory proposes a linear relationship between wages and migration flows (Massey et al, 1993; Borjas, 2008). This theory argues that international migration

Informal employment, which is related to inequality, is pervasive in Mexico. It has been recorded that “informal employment accounted for an estimated 60% of total employment”(International Labour Organization, 2014). While efforts have been devoted into increasing formality, the informal employment market appears to be persistent. Workers in informal sectors often earn a lower wage, and they are entitled to less protection and support from the social security system. Therefore, informal employment is associated with the inequality of Mexico.

Moreover, economic growth is often positively linked to more investments, higher employment-generating operations, and an increase in employment. Hence, allowing larger entrance to jobs and income to a major number of people, economic growth may cause a negative effect on income inequality especially if it was not joined by social progress. Because of the following reasons, the degree of the effect may differ between urban and rural areas. Firstly, a greater job competition may occur in urban areas due to higher population density, lead these areas to have a lower access to jobs compared to rural areas. Secondly, in urban areas international immigration is usually higher than in rural areas. It can be often seen that there are many immigrants

A remittance is a transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his or her home country. “Remittances can fuel additional migration and thereby foster a migration chain” (Akkoyunlu and Boriss 80). Skill based immigration is good to improve the economic growth of both host and home countries, and skilled migrant workers make important contributions to the labor market in high skilled occupations. Skill development is critical for economic growth and social development. For example, country like India produces a lot of skilled manpower in different industries sending to world

may even be reduced. As the population of an economy becomes wealthier, many prefer to live in the cleaner and quieter environments of the countryside. Thus, employees need to commute into cities for work, for which the necessary requirements, such as public transport or individual car ownership, are only given in more developed countries. Cities in developing countries, on the other hand, still continue to grow. Only the pace is two to five times faster than it was in the European countries during the period of industrialization (Kojima, 1996). Many developing countries in the world are currently experiencing an unprecedented rate of urbanization. It is also clear that, unlike the experience of currently developed countries, the process of urbanization presently taking place in developing countries is not so much due to rapid industrialization. Rather, it is the consequence of growing population pressure on land in the rural areas (Kassahun, 2000). Urbanization has largely taken place as a result of the “push” of rural inhabitants to urban areas (International Labour Organization 1998). Like many developing countries, Ethiopia remains among one of the least urbanized countries in the world. In Ethiopia, Informal settlement is socially, politically and economically growing problems, usually referred to residential areas where a group of housing units have been constructed on land to which the occupants have no legal claim or which they occupy illegally. Using the Ethiopian

The rapid economic growth was perceived as an airbag against the threat of urban poverty. However the gradual alienation of a particular segment of the unemployed alarmed the officials about the irreversibility and respective social tension in the society. Fulong Wu & Ningying Huang defines those as the “outsiders” of the Chinese society who are living in the poverty line of $1 (PPP) as determined by the World Bank. Those outsiders have no hope of returning to the labor market. For that matter there is defined a new urban poverty in China that could even impede the economic growth if remained neglected. In such circumstances without

The term ‘child labor' is used for employment below a certain age, which is considered illegal by law and customs. Children are the greatest gift to humanity and Childhood is an important and impressionable stage of human development as it holds the potential to the future development of any society. A young child has yet to develop a substantial set of life experiences to allow for mature choices and decisions. Children depend on the support of adults to get them through life to ensure an adequate life style. Parents decide to send their child for engaging in a job as a desperate measure due to poor economic conditions. Child labor means children under 15 year to do work to do work that is physically or mentally harmful and interrupt their education and social development. Restricts the right of children to access and benefit from education and denies the fundamental opportunity to attend school.

The established informal jobs were the new primary mode of survival in the majority of the remaining third world cities (Davis 2006, 178). Upward mobility in an informal economy is practically a “myth inspired by wishful thinking” (Davis 2006, 179). Through Davis’s examples, he shows us that moving upwards through different social classes is basically impossible regardless of how hard one works.

Then, I will discuss how the informal sector is intimately tied to child labor and presents unique obstacles for creating effective change. Lastly, I will take up considerations in the policy process revolving around child labor and ultimately offer policy initiatives that would be effective at limiting rates of child labor.

1. The learning of casual gathering can be utilized to accumulate backing of representatives and enhance their execution.

The importance of this study is to alert both people and government of the causes of Rural-urban migration and its effect on economic growth. The effects of rural-urban migration on both rural and urban areas are alarming, overpopulation on the

25 years ago, Yemen was just out of the 1990s war that united North Yemen with the South. Consequently, finding a job was extremely hard at the time, Yemen just had a war and jobs were scares. My father’s decision to emigrate was because of the lack of the labor market in Yemen. The war in the 1990s have left Yemen impoverished and jobs were very limited. This phenomenon is explained by the Neo-classical economic theory which states that “Individuals and families emigrate in response to changing circumstances set in motion by political and economic transformations of their societies.” (massy e. Douglas) My father’s decision to migrate was caused by the war in Yemen; the war left Yemen

Migration is relatively easy to define. It consists of the abandonment by certain people from their place of residence and the adoption of a new one during a relatively long period, although not necessarily permanent. But within this definition include social phenomena of very diverse types. First, we deal with of international migration and not of internal migration. This distinction is partly significant and partly arbitrary. It is arbitrary in the sense of that the change of social and economic environment, regardless of distance migration, can be equally large in the case of national migration than in an international migration. Today cross the border between Mexico and the United States, to give an example, may mean less change for the migrant who migrates from a rural area of the state of Chiapas to go to the capital. But the difference between internal and international migration is itself significant in the sense that it implies a legal change in the status of the person. In most countries of the world it is perfectly legal that an inhabitant moves within the country. But the movement between different countries is not always legal. Quite the contrary, it is always illegal if various legal procedures. International migration changes status legal form of the person in a way that internal migration does not. The migration domestic policy is sometimes a political issue, but international migration it is always.

One noticeable issue in the society today is the rate at which people (including youths and adults) migrate from the rural to the urban areas. Like a paradox, while the cities (urban areas) are increasing in population, the rural areas are decreasing. One of the factors that is responsible for rural -urban migration is lack of / inadequate social amenities and facilities in the rural areas. These include pipe borne water, electricity, good roads, hospitals, schools, recreational centres (like Stadiun, Zoo, Amusement park) among others. Inadequate jobs in the rural areas also make many youths to migrate to the urban areas that can provide better opportunities for them. Rural-urban migration has negative consequences. It leads to

Because the bleak outlook for employment leaves women with no choice but to participate in informal work as a "single option" rather than a "first option". (McInnis-Dittrich, 1995 ) However, it is truth that the informal work meets the employment needs of different female workers.