The Type Of Blood Cancer

MM is often also characterized usually in the pelvis, spine, ribs, and skull by diffuse osteoporosis.

The diagnosis of multiple myeloma can occur after a routine blood test with your doctor. However, the most common diagnosis occurs when doctors take an x-ray of a broken bone and suspect the cancer has caused or is a contributing factor to the broken bone. When analyzing the blood tests, the following are considered when diagnosing multiple myeloma: people with multiple myeloma have high levels of proteins in the blood, especially M and other immunoglobulin, albumin, and beta-2-microglobulin. Also, the blood exam tests for high levels of calcium and for creatinine levels (to assure that the kidneys are working properly).3 Other ways to test for multiple myeloma include urine tests, x-rays, biopsies (test the bone marrow itself from a large bone - a painful procedure). Unfortunately, Multiple myeloma is a very fatal cancer, where only 35% of patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma living 5 years past their diagnosis.3

This cancer is a bone cancer that attack the bones, especially large bones. This cancer is named osteogenic sarcoma(Osteosarcoma) for medical term (“Osteosarcoma”, n.d.). Osteosarcoma mostly affects people under 25 years old, and it can affect old people but it is really rare(“Osteosarcoma: An Introduction.”, 2012). When this cancer attacks, it grows bones, and any type of bone (“Bone cancer”,2013). This cancer is an ancient disease that we started to recognize in 1805. Most of the symptoms are on the bones (“Bone cancer”,2013). It also is not contagious so its not passed from person to person like other diseases.

Osteosarcoma is an ancient disease that still has some mystery behind it. Osteosarcoma is a type of cancer that starts in the bones. It is also the most common type of bone cancer, and makes up 65% of all bone cancer. However, it is a very rare cancer and has fewer than 20,000 cases per year in The USA. The cells that form an osteosarcoma make bone matrix, similar to osteoblasts. However, the bone matrix of an osteosarcoma is not as strong as a bone matrix from an osteoblast, and therefore is not as strong as normal bones. The most common age group affected by osteosarcoma is children and young adults. However, osteosarcoma can occur at any age. Osteosarcoma is most commonly found in areas of the bone that grow quickly, which is why children are more likely to get this type of cancer. The most common place to find osteosarcoma is the end of long bones, especially in the knee, distal femur, and proximal tibia. The proximal humerus is typically the most common site. The treatments of

Multiple myeloma symptoms may vary by patients, with the early stages of myeloma often presenting no visible symptoms or signs. When present, the symptoms of multiple myeloma may be vague or similar to those of the other conditions. Certain multiple myeloma symptoms may also be associated with complications of the disease. Remember that not all individuals with myeloma will have symptoms and that is unusual for any one individual to have all of these symptoms. In addition, advances in treatment options allow for multiple myeloma symptoms to be managed or prevented. Cancer starts when cells in the body begin to grow out of control. Cells in nearly any part of the body can become cancer, and spread to other areas of the body. To learn more about how cancer start and spread see what is cancer? Multiple Myeloma is a cancer formed by malignant plasma cells. Normal plasma cells are found in the bone marrow and are an important part of the immune system. The immune system is made up of several types of cells that works together to fight infections and other disease. Lymphocytes (lymph cells) are the main cell type of the immune system. The major types of lymphocytes are T cells and B cells. When B cells respond to an infection, they mature and change into plasma cells. Plasma cells

Ewing Sarcoma is a type of tumor that forms in bone and soft tissue. It may occur in any bone, but it is most often found in hip bone, ribs, or in the long bones such as femur. Ewing Sarcoma typically occurs more in children and young adults, between the ages of 10- 20. Males are affected more than females.

There are 206 bones in the adult human skeleton; these bones relate to movement, posture, and protect internal organs (American society of Clinical Oncology, 2012).Bones connect to bones with ligaments and are covered and protected by cartilage (American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012).Cancer of the bone is rare but is caused by normal bone marrow and tissues inside the bone that change and form tumors(American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012). The tumor happens in the bone and is benign it does not spread (American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012). The benign tumor can press against surrounding tissues and weaken the bone it it grows big enough (American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012). Malignant bone tumors break the surrounding tissue and cortex, hard covering of the bone (American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012). The tumor can then get into the bloodstream and spread all over the body (American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012). Osteosarcoma and ewing sarcoma are the two most common type of bone cancer (American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012). Chondrosarcoma is more common in adults and is cancer of the cartilage (American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012). The last type of bone cancer is chordoma which usually starts in the lower spinal cord (American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012). Ewing sarcoma is a type of bone cancer that affects the hip, rib, and middle of bone most often (National Cancer Institution, 2015). Ewing

According to the Mayo Clinic (2013), Osteosarcoma sign and symptoms include the following: pain in and around the bone, swelling and tenderness near the affected site, broken or fractured bones, fatigue and unexplained weight loss. American Cancer Society (2014), says pain in the bone is the most common indicator. Initially, the pain is intermittent and occurs mainly at night. The pain gets worse with any physical activities. If a tumor is in the lower extremity, it may cause a limp. Edema in the region of the pain may not be prominent for a few weeks. You may be able to palpate a lump, depending on its location. Symptoms often go unnoticed in children and teens because pain or swelling in the limb is rather common in normal, active kids and adolescences. Unfortunately because of this, cancer goes undetected for a period of time. Osteosarcoma will weaken the bone in which it was formed, but the bone will not break. Most of the time, people with a fracture next to an osteosarcoma describe that the extremity was aching for a few months, but later noticed it became very painful once the fracture happened.

Myeloproliferative Neoplasms are caused due to an increase in the red blood cell production (a mutation in the JAK2 gene)

Leukemia is a cancer that affects the bone marrow. The bon marrow is the soft spongy center of the bone that produces blood cells. Leukemia is found in white blood cells or leukocytes. The white blood cells help to fight ff infections and other diseases. Normally, cells produce in an orderly way, but people that have leukemia the cell production gets out of control. The marrow produces too many immature white blood cells called blasts. They are differently shaped and can’t carry out their usual duties.

For this unit I chose Ewing's sarcoma, a malignant bone tumor, and a primary bone cancer that originates in bone cells. According to Derrer, David a medical reviewer for WebMD, Ewing's sarcoma is a family of tumors that is located in the long bones of the legs and arms, or bones in the chest, pelvis, back, or head (2014). It also develops in the skull or flat bones of the trunks. The most common symptoms of Ewing's sarcoma is pain, however symptoms might vary, depending on the size and location of the cancer. Other symptoms may also include swelling, tenderness, or stiffness in the affected area, fracture, fatigue, fever, weight loss, and anemia. The exact cause of Ewing sarcoma is not fully understood. There seems to be no known risk factors

Melanoma is a type of cancer that occurs in the pigment cells, or melanocytes, in the epidermis layer of the skin. Melanocytes are the cells that give our skin its pigment, which also gives moles their brown or tan color. In malignant melanoma, the cells still produce melanin, which gives it a brown or black

Hematology-Oncology(Heme/Onc) usually refers to the department that sees patients with blood and platelet disorders and cancers that are treated with a non-surgical therapy, such as bone marrow transplant, stem cell transplant, pheresis, or chemotherapy. (Think ? liquid? therapy when differentiating heme/onc from oncology) Types of cancer typically seen in a heme/onc department would be leukemias, lymphomas, Hodgkins, non-Hodgkins, multiple myelomas and immunological disorders. So, an oncologist is not a hematologist, or vice versa.

Matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3, is one of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) family that has been observed in several malignant tumors, including breast, colon, cervical and lung cancers, where its expression correlates with the invasion and metastasis of these tumors. However, the roles of MMP-3 in osteosarcoma are totally unknown. In this study, we examined the expression of MMP-3 in 15 primary and metastatic osteosarcomas with case-matched adjacent normal tissues by immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR. MMP-3 expression were expressed in 86.6 % (13/15) of the osteosarcoma tissues and the expression levels of MMP-3 were significantly higher in metastatic tumors than in primary osteosarcoma tumor tissues. Further, we investigated the expression of MMP-3 in osteoblast and osteosarcoma cells and found that MMP-3 was highly expressed in osteosarcoma cells compared to osteoblast cells. Knockdown of MMP-3 by siRNA in osteosarcoma cells significantly inhibited their migration and invasion properties. These findings suggest that MMP-3 expression is deregulated in osteosarcoma tumors, potentially contributing to metastasis and might be a promising marker for the prognosis and therapy of metastatic osteosarcoma.

Leukemia is a group of malignant diseases of the bone marrow and lymphatic system. It is a complete and heterogeneity the subtype of leukemia has a therapeutic and prognostic implications. The French American British have further conducted studies on (ALL) acute lymphoblastic leukemia and found that (FAB) system which consists of subtypes are conducting morphology structure reactivity of leukemic cells. Chromosome analysis has shown that children with more than 45 chromosomes have a better prognosis for example, children with trisomies of chromosomes 4 and 10 have a good prognosis and low risk of treatment failure. T cells B cells and non-T/ non-B cells are three immunologic subsets that have