The United Kingdom And International Trade Agreement And The Association Of Southeast Asian Nations

According to the Australian Government’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, the nation’s relationship with China is “extensive and continues to grow in breadth and depth.  It is based on strong economic and trade complementarities and assisted by a comprehensive program of high level visits and wide-ranging cooperation activities” (People’s Republic of China Country Brief, 2014). In addition, Australia is also pursuing bilateral trade agreements with Japan and South Korea. The nation is also exploring its options with the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) with Chile, New Zealand, Singapore, Brunei, the United States, Malaysia, Peru, Vietnam, Canada, Mexico and Japan as well as the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) along with the 10 members of ASEAN, Japan, China, South Korea, India and New Zealand (Wesley, 2014). With more than two-thirds of its trade with Asian partners, Australia relies heavily and has invested in that locale’s prosperity. Unfortunately, this can lead to bit of a balancing act for the nation, as it has been an ally of the United States since 1951. (Wesley, 2014). Journalist Brian Penton said the prosperity of Asia is far more important to Australia than the prosperity of American or Britain. Therefore, the purpose of this essay is to examine and establish the veracity of Penton’s statement.

Britain integrates itself with its European counterparts through the EU. Though roughly 28 countries have compromised the EU, Britain, Germany, and France are some of the most influential countries within the Union. These incredible countries, or powers, have some of the highest gross domestic productions (GDPs) in comparison to other countries within the EU. Britain’s GDP ranks third at over $2.8

Globalization has become one of the most influential forces in the twentieth century. International integration of world views, products, trade and ideas has caused a variety of states to blur the lines of their borders and be open to an international perspective. The merger of the Europeans Union, the ASEAN group in the Pacific and NAFTA in North America is reflective of the notion of globalized trade. The North American Free Trade Agreement was the largest free trade zone in the world at its conception and set an example for the future of liberalized trade. The North American Free Trade Agreement is coming into it's twentieth anniversary on January 1st, 2014. 1 NAFTA not only sought to enhance the trade of goods and services across

After World War II ended, the global trading system needed to be restructured. According to Bache, Bulmer, George, and Parker, the European Economic Community (EEC) aimed policy formation towards building a special trading relationship with the European colonies through the implementation of international institutions (2015, p. 475). In order to maintain bilateral and multilateral trade, the World Bank was created to help develop states’ economies, and the International Monetary Fund was established to help states balance their payments and to provide monetary aid to states in economic crises. International Trade Organization (ITO) was supposed to be created to help lead the world into global free trade agreements, but the United States intervened:

The current international system is characterized by growth in globalization hence regional integration is becoming a common phenomenon in most parts of the world. As a result of states becoming more interconnected, most of them have opted for regional integration so as to enhance trade between states thus boosting economies of the states as well as the regions as a whole. Besides free trade, regional integration has seen to it the elimination of trade barriers, free movement of goods and people across borders, regional co-operation in issues to do with peace and security within the regions among various other benefits of regional integration. One of the regions that has grown as a result of regional integration is the European Union (EU), which is an economic and political partnership composed of 28 European countries. This paper will focus on the EU and give a theoretical analysis of the Brexit while giving lessons of integration and liberalization based on the Brexit.

In the second of October 2010 in the Japanese capital "Tokyo", the last round of trade negotiations of the convention to combat counterfeiting, known as the "ACTA is over". It is a multilateral trade agreement, anti-counterfeiting in different products. However, these negotiations on that agreement had begun several years ago in October 2007 between the elite of the world, led by the United States and European Union countries, in an atmosphere of secrecy. But since the negotiations began, it was leaked several drafts of the convention, all of which indicated that the agreement could threaten the right to health, the right to access to medicines around the world, especially in developing countries. It is the most important criticisms against "ACTA", it seeks to stronger enforcement of intellectual property rights, surpassing international standards established by the WTO Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement, "the TRIPS Agreement" [1]. It is the risk of this militancy to be enforced, it may lead to obstruction of dealing in the generics market, with sound medical specifications. Also, most of the developing countries markets are depending on medicines by in the basis for relatively low prices compared to prices of original drugs have got patents. A situation that the pharmaceutical market will be left prey to drugs by high prices.

Since the World War II, the creation of regional economic blocs has become an essential political remedy that gathers countries and nations rather than divide. Essentially, the creation of the economic regional blocs aims to minimize the obstacles between nations that share the same geographic border and to facilitate the circulations of goods and services. In fact, the regional trading blocs differ in terms of political structure and economic objectives, but the rapidity of trading goods and services within the different regions around the globe wouldn 't be possible without establishing unified political and economic units. For example, the European Union (EU) as other regional blocs gathers different countries that share the same geographical borders and differ in cultures, languages, and political systems. Actually, the differences and similarities between the various political structures and economic objectives are due to numerous factors such as history, culture, and the level of imports and exports to each country. However, the impacts of the regional trading blocs have some disadvantages that have negative impacts on the local economies of the regional blocs and on the global economy as well.

The Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC) was created in 1989 as a regional discussion forum for fostering “closer economic relations within the region through inter-governmental consultations and other non-binding mechanisms.” (Dent, 2007:449). To a large extent the forum echoed “many decades of proceeding ideas and initiatives on Pacific regional community-building.”(Dent, 2008:120). One factor in APEC’s formation arose from the situation at the end of the Cold War whereby there was a growing market-driven economic interdependence which “created fresh opportunities for regionalism.”

Regional economic integration has allowed countries to concentrate on issues that pertain to their respective stages of development, in addition to encouraging trade between neighbors. There are five main stages of economic integration: Free trade area, customs union, common market, economic union and political union. Free trade areas exist as the most basic type of economic cooperation. Here, member countries remove all trade barriers but remain free to determine their own trade policies with nonmember nations. An example of this is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Customs unions are similar to free trade zones in that they provide economic cooperation, along with the elimination of trade barriers among member countries. The primary difference from the free trade area is that trade with nonmember countries are treated in a similar fashion as trade with member countries. An example of this is The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Common markets exist to create economically integrated markets between member countries. Trade barriers are removed, in addition to any restrictions on the capital and labor movement between member countries. Similar to customs unions, there is a common trade policy with nonmember nations. The primary advantage to workers is that a visa or work permit is not required for employment in another member country of a common market. An example is the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). Economic union is created when

Each of the three ASEAN Community pillars has its own Blueprint and, together with the Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAI) Strategic Framework and IAI Work Plan II (2009-2015), they formed the Roadmap for an ASEAN Community 2009-2015. At the 14th ASEAN Summit in February 2009, ASEAN leaders adopted the APSC Blueprint, the ASCC Blueprint and the Initiatives for ASEAN integration (IAI) Work Plan II, 2009-2015. The AEC Blueprint having already been approved at the 13th ASEAN Summit in November 2007. On December 15, 2008, an ASEAN Charter, signed in November 2007, came into force with the aim of moving closer to "an EU-style community". The charter turned ASEAN into a legal entity with the aims of creating a single free-trade area for the

Asia Pacific Economic Commission (APEC) was established in 1989, the regional economic forum to take advantage of the growing interdependence of Asia-Pacific region. APEC idea was first brought by former Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke in Seoul, Korea on 31 January 1989 during delivering a speech. After ten months 12 Asia-Pacific economies met in Canberra, Australia to establish APEC. Initially just 12 countries started APEC and the remaining pacific countries joined in 1991. And continues up to 1998 finally becomes 21 countries in APEC. From 1989 to 1992 , APEC meet as an informal senior officials and ministerial dialogue. In 1993 , former US President Bill Clinton , the establishment the annual APEC Economic Leaders ' Meeting of the cooperation in the region to provide greater strategic goals and direction of approach.Main intention of 21 APEC members to promote balanced, inclusive , sustainable , innovative and secure growth, create greater prosperity of the people of the region by accelerating regional economic integration .

Since 1945 the world has evolved immensely, with great power changes and ever-changing economies. Economic activity, in regards to expanded global trade and monetary policies being formed, with the increased communication technology and globalization, has created a widespread global interdependence. Nations rely more now than ever on other nation-states for trade purposes to maintain a consistent cohesion of their economies. With increased global interdependence came a need for institutions to manage and control the actions between nation-states and expand economies into other outlets globally that were seen as foreign such as Asia and some parts of Europe .

The association of Southeast Asian nations (ASEAN) is a regional grouping comprising ten Southeast Asian states, which promotes intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic integration among its members (Fry, 2008). The organization was formed on 8th August 1967, preceding an organization that had been created in 1961 known as Association of Southeast Asia. It was formed when some foreign ministers signed the ASEAN declaration, which is normally recognized as the Bangkok declaration.

G7 the group of seven is informal block of highly industrialized democracies. Representing countries with more than 64% of net global wealth e.g. U.S.A, U.K, Japan, Canada, France, Germany and Italy. Previously known as G8, but the suspension of Russia, reduces it to G7 in March 2014 after Russian annexation of Crimea, which led G7 to put sanctions on Russia and condemns its act.

Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN), a 10-member organization established in August 1967, moves toward a deeper integration through creating a unified community in political, economic, and socio-cultural aspects of the region. It is a region of great diversity but most countries have achieved rapid economic development for the most of the past 25 years. Its diplomacy and cooperation are characterized by caution, pragmatism, and consensus-based decision making – the “ASEAN Way” (Ponciano Intal, et al., 2014). Taking steps to achieve their goal and embracing its motto, “One Vision. One Identity. One Community.” the organization established the ASEAN Economic Cooperation (AEC) in 2015. This aims to promote an all-inclusive cooperation across the region, gearing towards making South East Asia a globally competitive single market and production base characterized by: free flow of goods, services, investments, skills, and capitals. Moreover, it intends to form a region of equitable economic development integrated into the global economy (The ASEAN Secretariat, 200)