The United Nations Children 's Fund ( Unicef ) And The World Health Organization

Pneumonia is an acute infection of the lungs, it can be caused by a variety of organisms entering the body – including bacteria, viruses or fungi. The infection causes an inflammation of the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs and may result in the alveoli filling with fluid or other purulent material (Mayo Clinic, 2016). An accumulation of fluid within alveoli and portions of the lungs, can reduce the ability of the lungs to allow for oxygen diffusion across the alveoli walls. If oxygen saturation is low, it can cause the body’s cells to not work effectively. Therefore, the risk of the infection spreading through the body is increased – it is due to this reason, that pneumonia can be life-threatening (American Lung Foundation, 2016). Pneumonia

The World Health Organization (WHO) has created an agenda for 2030. Within this agenda there are seventeen sustainable developmental goals (SDG) that aim to transform our world. These goals are to be met through numerous different means, government policies, public change, non-government organizations (NGO) and a variety of other ways. NGO’s are a large way to help meet these goals and impact the world for the better. LRBT, an NGO that focuses on eye care for those who live in Pakistan, focuses on meeting the goal ensuring healthy lives and wellbeing for all at all ages (United nations SDG, reference). Ensuring eye care for the residents of Pakistan not only provides them with care they should be subject too always, but

This paper explores Pneumonia and the respiratory disease process associated with bacterial and viral pathogens most commonly located in the lung. The paper examines the process, symptoms and treatments most commonly viewed in patient cases of Pneumonia. My goal is to educate the reader and to warn of the

Dust pneumonia was probably caused by the extraneous amounts of dust in people’s food, water, air, furniture, beds, dishware, walls, windows and floors. Although protection was made to seal the dust out (a paste of flour, water, and strips of cloth), it was not enough to prevent dust pneumonia. Sadly, this disease continued to attack more and more as the Dust Bowl continued

Pneumonia is a form of acute respiratory infection which is caused by a bacterium called Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pneumonia is transmitted via air-borne droplets from coughing and sneezing, and it may also spread through blood. In 2015, pneumonia killed 15 percent of all deaths in children under the age of five, becoming the leading cause of death in children all over the world (World Health Organization [WHO], 2015a). Many efforts were made to reduce the prevalence of pneumonia, including the free vaccination program in 2011 against pneumonia in Kenya, which is supported by WHO and GAVI Alliance (WHO, 2015b). However, in 2012, Kenya was still ranked among the 15 countries with the highest number of deaths cause by pneumonia, suggesting problems with current policies (Onyango, Kikuvi, Amukoye, & Omolo, 2012). This paper will evaluate these existing policies and discuss potential solutions to overcome the epidemic of pneumonia in Kenya.

Pneumonia is a serious infection of the lungs. This is when the air sacs in the lungs become inflamed and fill with pus and other liquid, which make it difficult for oxygen to reach the blood through them. If there is too little oxygen in the blood, then the body’s cells cannot work properly. Pneumonia can cause lack of oxygen and the spread of infection through the body, which may lead to death. An annual flu shot can provide protection against Pneumonia since it is similar to

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung which results into an excess of fluid or pus accumulating into the alveoli of the lung. Pneumonia impairs gas exchange which leads to hypoxemia and is acquire by inhaling a contagious organism or an irritating agent. (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013). Fungal, bacteria and viruses are the most common organisms that can be inhale. Pneumonia could be community-acquired or health care associated. Community –acquired pneumonia (CAP) occurs out of a healthcare facility while health care associated pneumonia (HAP) is acquired in a healthcare facility. HAP are more resistant to antibiotic and patients on ventilators and those receiving kidney dialysis have a higher risk factor. Infants, children and the elderly also have a higher risk of acquiring pneumonia due to their immune system inability to fight the virus. Pneumonia can also be classified as aspiration pneumonia if it arises by inhaling saliva, vomit, food or drink into the lungs. Patients with abnormal gag reflex, dysphagia, brain injury, and are abusing drug or alcohol have a higher risk of aspiration pneumonia (Mayo Clinic, 2013). In the case of patient E.O., this patient had rhonchi in the lower lobe and the upper lobe sound was coarse and diminished. Signs and symptoms of pneumonia include difficulty breathing, chest pain, wheezing, fever, headache, chills, cough, confusion, pain in muscle or

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a hospital-acquired condition that is currently not on the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ (CMS) list of non-payment hospital-acquired infections (CMS, 2015). However, the thought of adding VAP to the list occurred in past discussions by CMS (CMS, 2008). This may change when there is an improved definition with clearer inclusion criteria that is currently being constructed by the CDC (Klompas et al., 2014). Nonetheless, the goal is to prevent hospital-acquired illnesses like VAP. After performing a review of care interventions for the prevention of VAP, a collaborative team between the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the American Hospital Association, the Association for Professionals in

In a trial by Arti et al, researchers used chlorhexidine to attempt to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia in children (2013). The group included 86 patients who were divided into two groups to complete a double-blind, randomized placebo controlled trial. The first group included 41 children who received 1% chlorhexidine gel every eight hours. The second group included 45 children who received a placebo gel. The length of the study was three weeks, or until the patient was extubated. The results demonstrated that 12 of out of the 41 children who received chlorhexidine and 14 out of the 45 placebo patients developed ventilator-associated pneumonia. The results showed that there was no clear reduction in the occurrence of pneumonia

In 2010, there were 7.7 million child deaths under age 5 (3.1 million being deaths in neonates). Disease from infection accounts for 68% of those deaths, with pneumonia making up 18%, diarrhoea contributing 15%. (Yarnell)

According to the Center for Disease Control, pneumonia is considered the leading cause of death of children less than five years old. However, there is a way to reduce the chance of contacting this disease. A vaccine called Pneumococcal is available for people to take (Centers for Disease Control, 2014). There is not only one type of pneumonia. The type of pneumonia is based upon the way the patient contacted the pneumonia. The following are the different types of pneumonia: Community-Acquired, Hospital Acquired, Health-Care associated, Aspiration, and atypical (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2011).

Pneumonia is an illness of the lower respiratory tract in which the lungs become inflamed and congested and alveolar spaces are filled with fluid and cells-polymorphs and lymphocytes (Mandell L.A). It is an inflammatory condition of the lung and it is one of the most serious infections, causing two million deaths annually among the young and elderly. Pneumonia is the largest killer, accounting for 28% to 34% of all child deaths below five years of age in low-income countries and is an important cause of mortality in the elderly in high-income countries (Suárez).

M. pneumoniae is generally referred to as primary atypical or walking pneumonia because the symptoms are not as sever as pneumonia. The symptoms include a dry hacking cough, fever, and headache. The symptoms will last for about 2 to 3 weeks. M. pneumoniae affects people worldwide. Typically only 33 % of people who have M. pneumoniae will get atypical pneumonia. The majority, 77 %, will come down with an upper tract infection (tracheaobronchitis). (Pulmonary Disorders pg 609) M. pneumoniae is transmitted through aerosol droplets. The bacterium is capable of infecting anyone at any time but it has a pattern of coming in the fall and winter and causing an outbreak every 4 to 8 years, although more tight communities occur more frequently. The pathogen rarely occurs on children less than 4 years of age. Since the bacterium lacks a cell wall, B-lactums are futile against them. The body’s immune system is responsible for killing the pathogen. There were 2 million cases in the US with 100,000 requiring hospitalization. The mortality rate is very low with only occasional fatalities among the elderly and sickle cell anemia persons. ( ).

The clinical manifestations of pneumonia will be different according to the causative organism and the patient’s underlying conditions and/or comorbidities (Smeltzer, et al). Some of the manifestations are

Every single day, “Nigeria loses about 2,300 children under five and 143 women of childbearing age” (The United Nations Children 's Fund). “Also, for every 10 minutes, one woman dies on account of pregnancy or childbirth in Nigeria” (UNICEF). My mother was one of the unlucky statistics. My mother, Ayo, died at the age of 29 while giving birth to my brother, Dayo. As of now my father, brother, and I live in Sokoto, Nigeria. The state of Sokoto is one of the poorest. Most parts of the state are rural areas and over eighty percent (81.2%) of the inhabitants of Sokoto are in poverty (Obi). My father, Adom, is a subsistence farmer, basically the only job you can get here. The village we live in is one of the poorest, our house consist of 4