The Universal Testing Method

The leveling system is used to determine the reading levels of the students, as measured by scale of Fountas and Pinnel Guided Reading on A through Z, proficiency reading scores F-Far Below Proficient, BP- Below P-Proficient, and AP-Above Proficient. The researcher only measured levels B through V for second and third grade student in this study. In addition the researcher also analyzed advanced degree level teachers. The teachers in the study took the added steps to add valued contributions to reading instruction and assessment. The researcher also, looked at varying years of experience of national board certified teachers, advanced degree teachers with school as the random effect. There were several schools who participated in the study. The study provided valuable data of national board certified teachers that may prove to be useful to implement more rigorous programs to recognize effective reading

"After third grade, reading is less of a subject and more of a tool, as students begin reading for content." Within your first 4 years, usually kindergarten to third grade, your main focuses are the development of reading, writing and pronunciation skills. After your skills are developed to the current grade level(3rd-4th grade) they're continuously tested rather than both practiced and tested. This is when the assumptions are made that most students can't read fluently by the fourth or fifth grade.

Many students were reading below grade level, and Tyner needed an intensive reading model that could fill in the gaps of each student’s literacy. She began using a basal reading program called Early Steps (Morris, Tyner, & Perney, 2000). Tyner decided to use some of the components of Early Steps to develop her own reading model that would focus on the needs of beginning and struggling readers. The Small-Group Differentiated Reading Model consists of a framework specifically designed for beginning and struggling readers so that they may progress through the appropriate developmental stages and become proficient

These DIBELS screening assessments were developed to help educators identify struggling, at-risk readers, so that appropriate types and levels of support can be implemented within the school system. They were designed to support efforts at the primary grade levels (K-6th) to prevent reading struggles as the learn progress through the school system. Furthermore, this test was to aid in the elimination in remediation lessons inside of the classroom.

Secondly, finding of this study can also serve as a very good additional material for teachers and their respective academic institutions to take advantage of such information to better prepare themselves as they continuously improve the development of their reading curriculum --- one that truly meets the needs of individual learners; and

It has been shown that if students start at an early age to learn to read and write their learning in all content areas will improve. It is for this reason it is important for secondary teachers to understand early reading acquisition as to incorporate those reading skills in lesson to accommodate students with reading deficiencies. Educators can understand the building blocks of how a student learns and develops into a successful reader in order to help them develop their reading skills. If teachers understand reading acquisition they can better assess their students’ reading level. As such, the role of professional judgement in understanding the selection of reading or writing material is to know their students reading needs and select materials

Back to school reading in the primary grades usually begins in the classroom assessment, and part of a formal reading assessment includes reading fluency. Teachers strive for students to read grade-level texts throughout the year with purpose and understanding. Testing students in reading by using a variety of formal assessments, such as DRA (Developmental Reading Assessment) or PALS (Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening) provides a little insight into how well students read, but there is usually only one or two reading passages used. Fluency is one area that is extremely important, but seldom practiced because most students read independently to themselves. Together with phrasing, expression and punctuation, pace is can be evaluated by teachers in small group guided reading lessons. Students are given an opportunity to read out-loud in front of their teacher and their peers, but often will not receive daily practice with fluency everyday.

The author Joelle Charbonneau wrote the book The Testing. An amusing fact about Joelle is that she taught many students how to sing. In an article Joelle states “My students are a wonderful source of inspiration and continue to teach me life while I teach them about singing” (Charbonneau… New York Times). The Testing by Joelle Charbonneau is about a girl named Cia who is selected to go through a testing program to test her knowledge and see if she can attend a certain college. Cia has many roadblocks, but that does not stop her from doing her best. People should recommend this book because of its connection to the article titled New Surveillance Technology. The message of this book is that knowledge is power, so don’t betray it.

One-hundred and twenty-five children who had completed grades 1-3 and were at-risk for school and reading failure were randomly sub-divided into three groups to test the effectiveness a three-week summer reading program on retention and improvement in reading skills.

Child reading ability at age five was operationalised through the combined scores of three readings tasks: non-sense word reading task, spelling task and a reading task. Academic ability at age seven was operationalised through the implementation of a national test. The test

Reading is the basis of learning. Much of what we do in our daily lives involves reading, whether in a classroom setting or in the real world. Since reading is such an important aspect in our society, there is a great emphasis placed on literacy and reading in the classroom curriculum today. The United States is ranked much lower than other developed countries, based on standardized tests given internationally (International Comparisons of Achievement, 2016). In efforts to improve this ranking there has been discussion of how to go about teaching reading. The idea of how to best teach reading to students has become a controversial topic among educators. The effects of reading ability group types have become a highly considered and researched

A hospital is conducting a double blind test of a new depression drug. The test is expected to take into consideration 20 doctors and about 400 patients to be tested. It is planned that half of the patients will get the new drug and half will get traditional Prozac and neither the doctors nor the patients will know who is getting which drug and at what time. The test is organized such that only two test supervisors will have access to the entire program and possibly know who is getting what.

It is said that the right time to inculcate good habits and values in a person is in his or her childhood. With so many advantages to its credit, reading has to be inculcated in children at a young age. Reading skills and strategies enhance the child's ability to comprehend various concepts with immense ease. It develops critical thinking skills in children by making them think, instead of spoon feeding them. Understanding the concept and critical thinking are the two important qualities of a successful individual. Other than this, reading also improves the person's vocabulary, command on the language, and communication skills. David (2003) said that assessment in the early years of a child’s life can be viewed from a number of perspectives, the day-to-day informal

According to Wetcher-Hendricks (2014), the basic principle of hypothesis testing is to make an assumption for the overall characteristics, and then making a judgment about the original hypothesis should be accepted or not, which is based on the statistical inference. Based on the research objective, the general idea of hypothesis testing for PPP started from the null hypothesis, which was expressed as having a unit root. Next, performing t-test, meanwhile, comparing the value of t-statistic with test critical values under the selected confidence interval. When the value of t-statistic was larger than the critical value, the null hypothesis would not be rejected, meaning the existence of the unit root. If the t-statistic value was smaller than the critical value, one rejected the null hypothesis, which implies that the financial time series is stationary.

Abstract—Although Concolic testing is increasingly being explored as a viable software verification technique, its adoption in mainstream software development and testing in the industry is not yet extensive. In this paper, we discuss challenges to widespread adoption of Concolic testing in an industrial setting and highlight further opportunities where Concolic testing can find renewed applicability.