The Use Of Aestivation And Vertebrate Animals

Ectothermic animals are animals whose body temperature is affected by their surroundings. This means that if the environment is cold the animal will be cold. If the environment is warm the animal will be warm. This is because the animal doesn’t have the capability of regulating its body systems to keep a constant body temperature. When an ectothermic animal is cold, its heart rate will lower. When the animal is warmer, the heart rate will raise – as long as the temperature isn’t sufficiently high to harm the animal. (Campbell, 2005)

At day 11 the organisms that are at the highest part of the rock experience the greatest exposure to air because the tide does not get as high during neap tides.

Freeman (2008) furthers Eckert et al’s argument by stating that the actin filaments of the muscle cell in organisms are able to intake ATP (adenosine triphosphate) faster and will move the organism faster when higher temperatures are imposed. This is because of an increase in enzyme reaction rates (Freeman 2008). These arguments can be applied to our experiment to help explain the trends observed. It can be argued that as the Gammarus setosus experiences the cold treatments, the organ of Bellonci senses the cold temperature, which in turn signals the organism to preserve its energy to protect itself; therefore, the organism will swim slower. In addition, the enzymes in the muscle cells of the organism, when experiencing the cold treatments, will have decreased ability to carry out enzymatic reactions, therefore inhibiting the uptake of ATP, which will cause the organism to swim slowly. Conversely, as the organisms are put into the heated treatments, the organ of Bellonci senses the heat, and allows the organism to swim faster, since it does not have allocate as much of its energy towards survival. Furthermore, the enzymes in the cells will be able to catalyze reactions more quickly, therefore allowing the organism to swim faster. However, when the temperature of the surroundings is too high, the enzymes will denature, therefore, reducing the activity rate of

direct calorimetry. Furthermore, the amount of oxygen in the chamber reveals the amount of cellular respiration of the organism. While also, test the effects of decreasing oxygen, and later increasing the heat on the metabolic rate of goldfish. I hypothesize that an increase in temperature will increase their metabolic rate

Once this step was completed, a timer was started and observations were made. Using the timer, how long cellular respiration (this was noted by the appearance of gas in the tube) took to start was noted. Noted

The second, or putrefaction, stage of decomposition is when the skin, all over the body, starts to change color (Young & Ortmeier, 2011). Gases begin to be released from inside the body, which causes it to swell, or bloat (enkivillage). As those gases build up, a foul odor begins to emanate from the body, while blisters start to appear on the skin. It is during this stage of decomposition where fluids will be purged through the body’s orifices (Young & Ortmeier, 2011). The active decay stage is where the body will start to lose mass.

Therefore this experiment was to determine that lobsters in various salinities will osmoconform to their environment. In order to test that lobster's osmoconform, we had to extract approximately 1.0 ml hemolymph from their hemocyannin on the ventral first section of the pre-branchial region. The hemolymph was spun for three minutes in a microcentrifuge and the serum was then tested on an osmometer, which determined the osmolarity of the hemolymph. The results substantiated the hypothesis, in that, lobsters internal osmoles fluctuate with the salinity of the external environment. The two lobsters in the low salinity tank had the lowest osmolarity 0.746 osmoles; the two lobsters in the normal salinity had 0.873 osmoles. The last tank with the highest salinity had the lobsters with the highest osmolarity at 1.445 osmoles. Therefore our data suggests that lobster's osmoconform, with respect to the salinity of their environment by readjusting their intracellular solute concentration to prevent swelling or dehydration because the osmolarity of their hemolymph dictates that of the environment.

An explanation of the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body. (P4)

Some species might thrive in conditions that other struggle to survive. For example some predators might need more oxygen then a smaller prey. With less predators being around, there is a huge burst in prey, which can eat up all of the bacteria. When the bacteria all die, the prey can’t find any food and all die out. This causes a very unreliable food chain and can be dangerous to live in. In hypoxic zones what tends to happen is that marine life such as fish or shrimp die out quickly while the smaller organisms live. This causes whole species to die out leaving a dominance of gelatinous creatures such as jellyfish to thrive in.

In the article “How a Water Bear survives, Even When It’s Dry” illustrated a way genes with the ability to help living organism adopt and survive harsh environment. Tardigrades a microorganism that able survive in the cold and warmest environment for decent through the process of anhydrobiosis. When this organism approach the frozen or dry state, itself form a ball shape structure. The unique genes of tardigrade allow them to create proteins that known as tardigrade-specific intrinsically disordered proteins which can protect and hold the water bear’s cells intact to prevent any damage from happening during the state of desiccation, until it rehydrate itself it will remain this this

Homeostasis is the tendency of a system, especially the physiological system of higher animals, to maintain internal stability, owing to

Thermoregulation is a process by which the body temperature is controlled and maintained within a range that enables the organism to function efficiently when variations occur in the temperature of the surrounding environment. This is important to ensure that the blood flowing through vital organs like the brain and the heart are kept at an ideal and constant temperature (Homeostasis, n.d.). In this lab, mealworms are used. Although referred to as a “mealworm”, it is not a worm but instead the larvae of the darkling beetle species called Tenebrio molitor (Gomez, n.d.; Tenebrio molitor, n.d.). Usually, the heat generated from cellular metabolism determines body temperature, but mealworms are ectotherms, which are organisms that depend mostly

Aerobic respiration is the intake of glucose and oxygen and the production of CO2 and ATP, heat, and water. This experiment was conducted to show whether saran wrap can have an effect on the aerobic respiration of the aquatic plant, Elodea. For example, whether it will increase it or decrease it. By recording the amount of drops of 0.02N NaOH it took for the water to turn a certain shade of pink, we were able to determine the amount of CO2 that was present. Thus we were able to tell what effect sealing the beakers with saran wrap had on Elodea. We sealed two beakers, one with elodea and one without. Two other beakers were not sealed, one had the plant and one also did not. the results showed that there was no significant difference in the amount of CO2 that was present in the beakers sealed with saran wrap irrespective to having a plant in the water or not. A reason for this this result might be that the incubation period was not long enough for actual, significant results to occur.

The reason for this procedure is to find a way to silence the. Even though an animal's main way of communicating inter-species is through their barks, people still find a way to take it away from them. The term devocalization is a misleading title, as it leads you towards believing that this procedure fully takes away an animal's ability to speak and communicate all together. The procedure itself was created as a way of decreasing an animal’s sharpness in barking, as well as the intensity and volume. Devocalization is still a newly heard about procedure, which leads the question of whether the option to perform it is just. The main goal of the procedure is to either fully eliminate the animal’s ability to bark, or to partially muffle the sound

Two crab species, Plagusia and Cyclograpsus, were collected from a local estuary in the littoral and deep water zone for osmoregulation studies. To examine differences in osmoregulatory mechanisms among the species, haemolymph of the specimens was extracted once they were acclimated to varying concentrations of seawater. Using the comparative melting-point, capillary tubes were filled with small samples of seawater and blood then frozen and melted in a -15˚C ethanol bath. The melting time of each was observed thereafter. Subject’s time range fell over 17 minutes of which the majority of the most salinated samples melted