The Use Of Bacteriophages For Use For Treating Infections Essay

8. Eventually the bacteriophages will die in the intestine since there will be no more bacteria to combat and live off of.

The overall goal is to either discover a new novel phage that has not yet been discovered, or provide new research on an already discovered phage. The isolation of the phage takes several steps under the streak protocol that is present in materials and methods section of this report.

5 drops of chloroform were added to the mixture and incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes to kill, and lyse the bacteria cells which allows all the unadsorbed phages to be accounted for when determining the titer of unadsorbed phage with susceptible bacteria, E. Coli B. (Biology Dept.). 0.1 ml of E.coli B was added to the 10 fold dilution. Using soft agar technique, the unadsorbed phage were plated. After incubation, the titer of unadsorbed phage was determined by counting the number of plaques on the plate from the infection of single E. coli cells in the assay tube by a free phage particle before

6 petri dishes were labeled, 3 petri dishes P 105 B, P 106 B, P 107 B, and the other 3 petri dishes P 10 K, P 102 K, P 103 K and they were set aside. A series of dilutions for the 1x bacteriophage T4 rII

The main objectives of this experiment included making dilutions of solutions, plating phage or bacteria, and determining the number of bacterial viruses or phage in a suspension. It was also conducted to demonstrate that two different mutants of phage T4 can exchange genetic material to give rise to wild-type phage. The experiment was used to distinguish mutants from wild-type by their host specificity. The recombination in bacteriophage was performed to determine the concentration of unadsorbed phage from the U series plates, total concentration from B series, and concentration of

Anti-infection agents have spared countless furthermore added to the expansion in future. They are essentially delivered by the fermentation of fungi (e.g., Penicillium) and bacteria (e.g., Actinomycetes). Specifically, 80% of anti-infection agents are sourced from the family Streptomyces and uncommon actinomycetes, for example, Actinomadura, and just the 20% is created by fungal species (Lo Grasso,

The study is important to detect if there is a relationship between the amount of phages and the mucus layers in the body because this could help to fight infection from viruses. The information found from the study clearly displays the symbiotic relationship between the phage and the mucus layer of the metazoan host. However, the flow of the article is hard to follow and there are many different experiments briefly explained which could be expanded to help better connect all the experiments. Although the study shows that less bacteria adherence and more phage

Lytic cycle is where the bacteriophage can replicate and cause the bacterial to burst or lyse to release a newly assembled phage. After it injects its nucleic acid into a bacterium, a phage will direct degradation of host DNA. It ensures that its own nucleic acid is the only set of instructions in the host cell making more viruses and not bacteria. Next, the bacteriophage will take over the cell machinery to replicate its nucleic acid, transcribe viral RNA and translate viral proteins. This will make new bacteriophage within the cell. Last is the release of the viruses by lysing the bacterial cell wall so

Bacteriophage, or simply phage, are obligate intracellular viruses that invade bacterial cells and take over the cellular machinery to replicate their viral genome and create new viral progeny via lysis of the bacterial host cell (Buckling and Rainey 2002). Phage have been identified as the

Antibiotic have been essential tools for fight against bacterial infections since the early 20th century. Antibiotics fall under different groups based on the method of treatment. There are basically 3 main groups of antibiotics based on their mechanism of action, i.e Cell wall Disruptive Antibiotics like beta lactams, Protein synthesis inhibitors and nucleic acid

The increased use of antibiotics, development of resistance to these antibiotics and bacteriophage’s potential as a treatment model has forced the scientists to turn from antibiotic research to bacteriophages research. The use of bacteriophages in treating bacterial infections in humans as well as other species is termed as phage therapy.

Transduction is a method of transferring genes among bacteria via virus particles, which can be divided into two categories known as generalized and specialized transduction. During the lytic cycle, which quickly replicates phages and eventually releases them, ultimately killing the host cell, generalized transduction occurs. In generalized transduction, bacterial DNA is transferred from one cell to another by means of a bacteriophage. The phage first attaches to the bacterial host cell, and releases its nucleic acid in to the host cell, where host DNA is broken down. Phage protein coats (capsids) are formed in the cell, containing not only phage DNA, but mistakenly the bacterial host cells DNA as well. After the newly formed phages are released, the bacterial DNA

Phage therapy is one novel area of research that should be explored in the treatment, prevention and control of these bacteria. This is due to the fact that it targets the specific bacteria and resistance to it is minimal. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae, Streptococcus pneumonie and Mycobacterium tuberculosis over time have developed resistance to antibiotics. Mycobacterium leprae currently requires multidrug treatment due to the fact that it developed resistance to dapsone, which was an effective treatment. These bacteria have limited resistance to phage therapy hence making the intervention an effective treatment method. Even if these bacteria develop resistance to the phage, the resistance may be very easy to overcome as compared

Although I understand the science behind why bacteriophage is an ideal for treatment especially with the increase in antibiotic resistant bacteria, but my concerns are the pro and cons of this type of therapy. Is there a possibility of further infection or even worse will that infection cause a fatal result. According to an article in U.S. National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, that clinical trials show promising results, but that the treatments are not completely effective. (Nilsson, 2014) This is due to studies being done with few phages and with limited experimental groups and therapy has limitations. This therapy can only be effective with large amount of groups so that comparisons can be made between he different

The rise of multidrug-resistant strains of bacteria have been appearing across the globe resulting in the Center for Disease control to classify it as an urgent threat. The cause of the multidrug resistance has related to the overuse of antibiotics. There are a limited number of antibiotics on the market today. With multidrug-resistant strains on the rise, it is difficult to find a new antibiotic to treat the infection. With bacterial infections once more being considered a threat, researchers have been frantically searching for alternative forms of treatment. This global concern has led to the reemergence of phage therapy, but little is known about the effects of phage therapy as well as how efficient it is at treat bacterial infections.