The Use Of Crispe Technology In Wine Production

Humans have been genetically engineering organisms for nearly 10,000 years using traditional methods of modification—among these methods include selective breeding and crossbreeding. Though effective, these methods were unreliable and were only able to change certain traits. A lack of control over our genetic material proved to be a clear hindrance to our species; when harnessed, advancements in other fields of knowledge would be immeasurable. Once seen as an impossible task, scientists have been able to exploit genes and take control of them. CRISPR-Cas9 is a system that allows scientists to cleave off sections of DNA and artificially modify them by inserting a mutation into the place of the old DNA. This is exceptionally precise, whilst

The concept of intentionally altering an organism’s DNA in order to produce genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has been critically analyzed by both science and the mainstream media in the last decade. However, the genetic modification of organisms is not a recent innovation as humans have been modifying organisms for over 30 000 years (Rangel, 2015). Back then, breeding through artificial selection was the most prominent method of genetic engineering. Organisms with the most desirable traits would be bred together in order to create a new generation of superior organisms. Throughout the centuries, the developments in science and technology have resulted in new methods of genetic engineering. Now, genomes can be spliced in order to insert or remove genes. It has essentially come down to a copy and paste process with genes from animals being inserted into plants as the common practice.

The origin of GMOs started in 1982 by an experiment done by the United States Department of Agriculture, in which they changed the genes of a tomato plant. Commercial use of Genetically Engineered crops began in 1996 (Fernandez-Cornejo et al. pg 7). While developing Genetically Modified Organisms, scientists and researchers characterized the types of Genetically Engineered crop traits into

Human gene editing has long been controversial topic; however, precise techniques that accomplish this feat have only recently been discovered. According to the Welcome Genome Campus in the UK, the most versatile and simplest technique, called CRISPR-Cas9, allows scientists to cut, alter, or add to sections of the DNA sequence of living organisms (“What Is CRISPR-Cas9?”). This astonishing technology has nearly endless applications, including the potential to eradicate genetic diseases in humans that currently have no cure. This could have vast implications for people who suffer with disease and the economy of the region in which they live, but the technology has yet to be commercialized. The

Genetic modification of organisms is something the human race has been doing for thousands of years, starting with the first domestication of animals around 10,000 years ago. (Root, 2) Many of these genetic alterations were at a basic level, an example of this being the cross breeding of dogs to achieve desirable traits. Additionally, importation of new plants or animals into areas they didn’t historically come form, forced adaptations from these organism to survive. More recently, scientists have begun to understand genetic engineering at the DNA level, and expand its use into the altering of plants genetic code. (Goldbas) Scientists are now gaining insight into

With the use of CRISPR, a specific gene in the genome of a cell can be targeted and mutated to rid of the preexisting mutation. The technique works through the use of an enzyme called Cas9, which acts as the “scissors” to cut two strands of DNA at a specific location in the genome to allow for pieces of DNA to be added or removed. Another molecule of use in the process is a piece of RNA called guide RNA (gRNA). Guide RNA comprises of a small piece of pre-designed RNA sequence located within a longer RNA strand. This longer RNA strand binds to DNA and the pre-designed sequence guides the Cas9 to the correct part of the genome. This occurs for the assurance that the Cas9 enzyme cuts the right part of the genome out. The article provides specific cancers and genetic diseases and the targets for CRISPR/Cas9 that act on these mutations. Amongst the cancers, lung, thyroid, and breast cancer was mentioned. The genetic diseases mentioned were Huntington disease, Alzheimer’s and muscular

Even though it was discovered in 1987 by a research team at Osaka University, the true power of CRISPR, which functions as an adaptive bacteria immune defense, was not realized until the completion of the Human Genome Project in the early 2000’s (Carroll and Zhou 63-64). There are only two components of CRISPR, a guide RNA sequence (gRNA) and a Cas9 endonuclease protein. When the gRNA binds to its matching template DNA sequence, the Cas9 protein cuts the template DNA sequence resulting in the inactivation of that specific gene (Hille and Charpentier 3). In addition, a mutant gene can be replaced by adding another piece of DNA with the desired sequence, which will bind to the cut DNA template strand and become incorporated into the host

Human have been genetically engineering plants and animals for generations. Many of the fruits, and vegetables we eat today are monsterly huge compare to their wild life counter parts, this is what we call domestication. But domestication is a very long gamble, waiting to see what will happen. Until in the late 1950 humans discovered the instructional manual to life, DNA. Than introduced in the early 90s CRISPR/Cas9 was a genome editing. CRISPR system

Genetically modified organisms have the potential to be a beneficial crop in many different areas with further research and development. Created in 1994 as a tomato variety with a gene to allow for longer shelf life, these crops have been introduced in the market for both human and livestock consumption. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are a type of organism that has had its deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) changed to include a foreign gene that allows for some enhancement in the organism such as longer shelf-life, less need for water, or more nutrients available in the organism. Slight modifications to an organism's deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) allows for crops to make better use of resources, have a longer shelf life or even contain more

In 1994, GMO’s were originally introduced through a newly developed, slow ripening tomato. Calegene Inc. took it upon themselves to take “a specific DNA sequence” and “reverse [it] within the plant, which [retarded] the softening process.” Also known as the Flavr Savr TM, this new breed of produce can spend a longer amount of time on the wine in order to “fully develop its flavor”, and aids in reducing damages that might come with handling and shipping. In spite of this “miracle” tomato

Genetic engineering is the application of modern technology and molecular biology tools to alter the characteristics or traits of an organism. It is a genetic splicing technique of biotechnology that allows scientists to inject a DNA removed from one organism into another. The alteration occurs through the addition of new genetic material or deletion of an existing genetic characteristic. In crops, genetic engineering is used to create pest and disease resistance plants, drought resistance plants, improve the crops yield and the characteristics of their products (Braux, 2014). Another aim of genetic engineering in plants is to increase the level of amino acids in plant seeds. Increasing the number of amino acids greatly improves the diet of human population and domestic animals that rely on plant seeds as a source of food. In animals, the purpose of

    The development of recombinant DNA techniques have allowed desired genes to be inserted into a plant genomes resulting in plants that are totally different to the parent plant. The first genetically modified plant-antibiotic resistant tobacco and petunias-were produced in 1983, but it was until 1994 that US markets saw the first genetically modified species of tomato, approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Since then, several transgenic crops have received FDA

Genetically modified organisms are a result of the splitting of genetic material and then moving it to another organism’s chromosomes. This makes the ability to change plants much easier than the slow process of cross breeding that sometimes leads to the traits they want. GMO plants sometimes possess genes that had never existed before by taking DNA from other organisms and combining them to create the traits they want. Plants are given traits that allow them to survive in extreme conditions and are higher in production. The way this works is that they take DNA from another organism and they separate it, employing enzymes for the task. Only the genes that are wanted are removed. Then the enzymes interweave the gene into the previously removed DNA that is contained in a bacterial cell. Next the DNA is put back inside the bacterial cell. The bacterium is allowed to spread throughout the plant cell and the DNA worms itself into the nucleus of the plant, which then increases. This “plant tumor” is grown in a laboratory. The altered callus seed is planted and allowed to reach full maturity, creating a modified or entirely new strain of plant (Cunningham and Cunningham, 2015).

Direct manipulation of DNA focuses on selective breeding, altering organisms to achieve higher quality products and more of them. These improved

But the biggest and most progressing genetic technology was the invention of recombinant DNA splicing in the late 1970’s. This technology revolutionised the way in which genetic modification was thought about, it provided an effective method genetic manipulation and opened the door for many future advances in genetic science. This advance in technology allowed for the 1987 creation of the first GM crop, a tobacco crop