The Use Of Ester Interchange Reactions During The Production Process

This way, cyclohexane is converted to adipic acid or hexanedioic acid. Since the product is soluble in hot water, the two-phase systems (organic cyclohexane and aqueous hydrogen peroxide) slowly become a single aqueous phase. In the end, only H2O2 and cyclohexene can be changed, tungstate and the phase transfer catalyst can be tapped and reused. The phase transfer catalyst used were a mixture of aliquat 336 and potassium hydrogen sulphate.

Positron Emission Tomography is a scanning technique that allows us to measure in detail the functioning of distinct areas of the human brain while the patient is comfortable, conscious and alert. PET represents a type of functional imaging, unlike X-rays or CT scans, which show only structural details within the brain. The differences between these types of imaging don’t end there.

9-anthraldehyde and (carbethoxymethylene)triphenylphosphorane were reacted together using the Wittig reaction to produce E-3-(9-Anthryl)-2-propenoic acid ethyl ester. .100 g of 9-anthraldehyde and .180 g of (carbethoxymethylene)triphenylphosphorane were used. 9-anthraldehyde was a green powder while (carbethoxymethylene)triphenylphosphorane was a white powder. Both were added together into a 3.00 mL conical vial with a magnetic spin valve. The vial was inserted into a 120 C sand bath to melt the reagents. Once the reagents melted, they were stirred for 15 minutes (2:30 pm-2:45 pm). After stirring, the vial was removed to cool to room temperature. 3.00 mL of hexanes were added to the vial and the suspension was stirred. The solvent was removed

In this experiment, the Fischer Esterification of an unknown acid and an unknown alcohol was used to prepare an unknown ester. Sulfuric acid was used as a catalyst in the reaction which then was put under reflux. After cooling, the pH of the solution was raised to approximately 8 using sodium carbonate. Diethyl ether was added, then the aqueous layer was removed and the organic layer was washed with sodium chloride. The aqueous layer was removed again and sodium sulfate was added. The unknown product was then identified using gas chromatography (GC) to obtain the retention time.

The most common form of polyethylene is petroleum based or olefins based; as before mentioned polyethylene compounds have a wide commercial applicability and are made from non-renewable resources (Harding, Dennis, von Blottnitz, Harrison, & S.T.L., 2007). Its manufacturing processes are regarded as energy intensive and release significant amount of CO2 and heat into the atmosphere (Broderick, 2008). Next a little more detailed description of polyethylene’s production processes will be presented, with a focus on the way the material inputs are extracted and synthesized.

Introduction: Reaction of a compound with water can result in a splitting, or lysis, of the compound into two parts. Organic molecules containing a group of atoms called an ester can be hydrolyzed by water to form a –COOH group (carboxylic acid) and an HO-- group (alcohol) as follows:

After 10 minutes the reaction liquid was separated from the solid using a vacuum filtration system and toluene. The product was stored and dried until week 2 of the experiment. The product was weighed to be 0.31 g. Percent yield was calculated to be 38.75%. IR spectra data was conducted for the two starting materials and of the product. Melting point determination was performed on the product and proton NMR spectrum was given. The IR spectrum revealed peaks at 1720 cm-1, which indicated the presence of a lactone group, and 1730 cm-1, representing a functional group of a carboxylic acid (C=O), and 3300cm-1, indicating the presence of an alcohol group (O-H). All three peaks correspond with the desired product. A second TLC using the same mobile and stationary phase as the first was performed and revealed Rf Values of 0.17 and 0.43for the product. The first value was unique to the product indicating that the Diels-Alder reaction was successful. The other Rf value of 0.43 matched that of maleic anhydride indicating some

The purpose of this experiment was to perform a nucleophilic substitution reaction to construct a biologically active compound from two simple parts and then to recrystallize the product collected, which is a purification technique that purifies solids based on differences in solubility. In order to accomplish this, other techniques such as heating at reflux, and suction filtration were used. Heating at reflux is a technique used in lab that allows a solution to be heated for a certain amount of time once it begins boiling. Suction filtration is a separation technique that is combined with a water aspirator and was used to collect the product from this experiment, which was 2-methylphenooxyacetic acid.

The article I chose this week is by Ester Fung and gives light to a lifestyle I hope to never find myself…living in a big city without a car. Housing developers in big cities such as New York, San Francisco, and San Diego are opting to build apartment complexes and condos without the option of parking spaces for residences. One developer claims, “It’s the future…there is a strong demand for people who want to buy or rent units that are efficient”, while “local authorities seek to encourage the use of mass transit and free up space for parks, housing and other uses” (Fung, 2016). Parking decks and garages cost big bucks, and in cities where space is limited those decks have to be built underground, driving prices up and onto the consumer.

In this laboratory experiment a synthesis was performed through several separate steps. The purpose of the experiment was to synthesize tetraphenylcyclopentadienone from benzaldehyde and to run reactions on carbonyl containing compounds. There was a total of three steps that led up to the synthesis of the final product, tetraphenylcyclopentadienone. The first step of the experiment was the condensation of benzaldehyde to yield benzoin. Thiamine catalyst along with water and ethanol were added to the benzaldehyde, then NaOH was added until the solution turned yellow. After recrystallization, the product was benzoin. Step two was the oxidation of benzoin to benzil.

Purpose: The purpose of the experiment was to perform the acid-catalyzed Fischer Esterification of acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol to form isopentyl acetate, or banana oil, which is used in flavor industries. The equilibrium of the reaction was changed by adding an excess amount of acetic acid. The reaction was refluxed and product was purified by extraction and distillation. Isopentyl acetate was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy and 1H NMR spectroscopy.

An ester was synthesized during an organic reaction and identified by IR spectroscopy and boiling point. Acetic acid was added to 4-methyl-2-pentanol, which was catalyzed by sulfuric acid. This produced the desired ester and water. After the ester was isolated a percent yield of 55.1% was calculated from the 0.872 g of ester recovered. This quantitative error was most likely due to product getting stuck in the apparatus. The boiling point of the ester was 143° C, only one degree off from the theoretical boiling point of the ester 1,3-dimethylbutyl, 144 ° C. The values of the

In this experiment, a Fischer Esterification reaction was performed with two unknown compounds. The unknown compounds, Acid 2 and Alcohol D, were identified by using the knowledge of the reaction that took place, and the identity of the product that was synthesized. The identification of the product resulted from analysis of IR and NMR spectra.

The purpose of this lab was to synthesize the ester isopentyl acetate via an acid catalyzed esterification (Fischer Esterification) of acetic acid with isopentyl alcohol. Emil Fischer and Arthur Speier were the pioneers of this reaction referred to as Fischer Esterification. The reaction is characterized by the combining of an alcohol and an acid (with an acid catalyst) to yield and ester plus water. In order to accomplish the reaction, the reactants were

Decrease in glutaraldehyde cross-linker on increasing the polymer precursor might be happening due to the increased probability of colliding polymers and cross linking agent in this unfrozen liquid microphase where all chemical reactions take place. More probability of colliding might be decreasing the amount of glutaraldehyde required to crosslink polymers for gel synthesis. It was also observed that if the amount of glutaraldehyde used was more than the optimum concentrations (Table 1.1), the gel formed lack porous network and were tough and brittle. When the glutaraldehyde concentration was reduced and kept lower than the optimized one, the gels were weak in mechanical strength. This observation suggests that there seems to be some competition between the nucleation process which takes place in frozen regions and gelation process which takes place in unfrozen liquid microphase. When the concentration of glutaraldehyde was lower than optimum, nucleation process dominates the gelation process and the gels formed were weak due to large pores and less polymer wall formation by cross linking of polymers. When glutaraldehyde quantity was taken more than optimum, gelation dominates the nucleation process and the gels formed were without any pores and were brittle. Figure 1.1A shows the digital images of optimized gelatin sheets. Figure 1.1B and 1.1C shows that at an optimized polymer and cross-linker ratio