The Use Of Ketamine As A Narcotic Medication Prescribed As An Anesthetic Agent And An Analgesic Essay

Chronic intake, the delayed onset of action, drug resistance and numerous side effects force the researchers to look for the new, safe antidepressant strategies (1, 2) with rapid onset and longer time of action.

There are several types of medication, each has a purpose and function needed for their administration via the different routes.

Preston, J., O'Neal, J. H., & Talaga, M. C. (2013). Handbook of clinical psychopharmacology for therapists (7th ed.). Oakland, CA: New

The most valuable resources about drug information are from your doctor and pharmacist. Your questions would let them know what additional information they can provide you. Also, you would know if you have anything against the medications’ ingredients.

Medication has also become increasingly complex. There has been a massive increase in the number and variety of medications available. In addition, many medications have different routes of delivery, variable actions (long acting, short

Ketamine is contraindicated in patients with hypertension, cardiac disease, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, stroke, head trauma or intracranial mass, or intracranial bleeding, or in other patients

Ketamine has been tested in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and people in a suicidal crisis in emergency rooms. Benefit is often of a short duration. The quality of the evidence supporting benefit is generally

This research process involved analysing innumerable data that already exist and exhibits the increasing number of deaths as a result of methamphetamine abuse. This allowed me to research the most common causes of these deaths further and found that suicide and overdose were the most occurring causes. This broadened my insight of methamphetamine abuse and led me to my research question and to study how methamphetamine induces depression as it is customarily linked to suicidal attempts. These sources were dependable due to its currency and were sourced from the National Institute of Drug Abuse, National Drug Strategy Household Survey, National Minimum Dataset, Hospital Morbidity Data and

Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic developed in the early 1960s and used in human and veterinary medicine. The drug is primarily used for anesthesia. It can be injected, consumed in drinks, snorted, or added to cigarettes. Ketamine was placed on the list of controlled substances in the US in 1999. Users describe the high from ketamine as a pleasant sensation of floating or a dissociative state of being separated from their bodies. Like any other drug it has short and long term effects including increased heart rate and blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, numbness, depression, amnesia, hallucinations and potentially fatal respiratory problems. In the 1950s, phencyclidine (PCP) was developed as an intravenous general anesthetic, but because

Many clinical studies have been used to suggest a role for serotonin in the propensity for depression or suicidal tendencies. Most of these studies measured the level of serotonin in the CSF in certain individuals. Results established a link between reduced serotonin neurotransmission and aggression, impulsivity, depression, and suicidal tendencies. Other data, using markers in presynaptic and postsynaptic serotonergic neurons have shown that reduction in serotonin neurotransmission is a biochemical "risk factor" for suicide (1).

Worldwide, at least 20% of most depressed patients don't respond well to several antidepressant drugs. North America suggests that ketamine through an infusion by vein has a fast and radical change in depression. Unlike any antidepressants, ketamine works directly at the NMDA receptor, and it may detour neurotrophic signaling, which could be the cause of the delayed effects of traditional antidepressants. Some of the side effects are perceptual disturbances, confusion, high blood pressure, euphoria, dizziness and increased sexual drive. Also, these side effects end about 80-110 minutes after the infusion. For the open trial, they recruited a 55-year-old man with a history of major depression. He had no history of personality or mental disorders.

As the literature remains inconclusive as to the relation between current major treatment modalities and depressive disorder, and given the extremities of the potential dangers of antidepressant medications, it is apparent that there is a need to develop new interventions, which show greater efficacy, safety, and acceptability.

“Eleven percent of Americans aged 12 years and over, take antidepressant medication,” “antidepressants were the third most common prescription drug … in 2005 – 2008,” and from 1988 to 2008, the rate of antidepressant use in the US increased nearly 400% (Pratt).

This semester has been a tough one but I feel like I have learned a lot about pharmacy over these past few months. I have had a lot of courses so far and in each one, I have been able to make connections to the practice of pharmacy. In this essay, I will reflect on some of things I learned in my courses and how they relate to my future career as a pharmacist. I will also identify areas where certain topics intersect in different courses.

Among the many fields that have profited from the technological advancement, a prominent and notable field is the pharmaceutical industry. As technological developments in the pharmaceuticals continue to move forward, the challenge pharmacists and pharmaceutical industries face is how to improve the quality it provides its patients, as well as becoming a determining factor in lessening drug and prescription abuse. A pharmacist is a health care professional who is an expert in the pharmaceutical field and on pharmaceutical drugs. They are responsible for improving the health of a patient and implementing drug therapy with the intention of improving the quality of a patient’s life. As technology and medicine are rapidly advancing, pharmacist’s common goal is to move beyond their traditional dispensing role to a more direct and personal level with the patients. Pharmacists are dynamic, patient-orientated professionals committed to fulfilling the health care needs of their patients by providing the correct education for a drug and its a particular application, education about the drug and its use and compassionate and encouraging counsel.