The Use Of Macrophage Auns Mediated Photothermal Therapy

6 Megavoltage (MV) photons treat many superficial tumors. More importantly, they often require a bolus to bring the depth of maximum dose closer to the skin surface. Also, a bolus compensates for uneven skin surfaces or irregular contours on the patient’s surface. The depth of maximum equilibrium describes the depth in which the maximum dose of the formulated radiation deposited into the skin (Washington & Leaver, 2010). Bolus material should be flexible, pliable, and tissue-equivalent. There is no study that compares green Play-Doh, orange Play-Doh, water and uncooked rice to Superflab for providing maximum dose buildup, Dmax.

Radiology represents a large branch of medicine that deals with radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Within this field there are multiple modalities that all incorporate some level of radiation. For example, in radiation therapy, targeted energy is used eliminate cancer cells, shrink tumors, and ease the pain or discomfort of cancer related symptoms. The purpose of this paper will primarily be focusing on radiation therapy.

6 Megavoltage (MV) photons treat many superficial tumors. More importantly, they often require a bolus to bring the depth of maximum dose closer to the skin surface. Also, a bolus compensates for uneven skin surfaces or irregular contours on the patient’s surface. The depth of maximum equilibrium describes the depth in which the maximum dose of the formulated radiation deposited into the skin (Washington & Leaver, 2010). Bolus material should be flexible, pliable, and tissue-equivalent. There is no study that compares green Play-Doh, orange Play-Doh, water and uncooked rice to Superflab for providing maximum dose buildup, Dmax.

Nanobots are invented to solve problems concerning cancer. Uncontrolled mitosis leads to cancer which have higher tendency to happen when mechanism that controls the cell is distrupted. In 2012, according to the World Health Organization, cancer is one of the leading cause of fatal. In Canada, approximately 30% of deaths are caused by cancer and abouy 191,300 new cases of cancer are expected in the year 2014. Annually, 14.1 milllon of new cases were reported while globally, there were 8.2 billion of deaths. Cancer cells need to compete with normal cells to obtain sufficient nutrient and energy for growth. Cancer cells divide out of control and are able to able to spread to other cell, tissue and organ which will result in malfunction and death.

The use of electromagnetic waves in therapeutic applications has existed for many decades. Nowadays, the therapies that use non-ionising radiation and are available for clinical use lie on the thermal effects of low frequency electromagnetic waves, from radio frequencies to optical frequencies. Hyperthermia and thermal ablation are currently used to treat various types of cancers, either by killing the cancerous cells or by locally and selectively enhancing the efficiency of chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation treatment. Hyperthermia treatment elevates the tissue temperature between 40 °C and 45 °C, for altering the functional and structural properties of enzymatic proteins that make tumour more sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy. Thermal

The induction of such heat in deep human tumors is not easy, therefore, the results of hyperthermia in the treatment of tumors are not directly due to increased cell death, but also due to an increase in blood flow in the tumor's vascular system and, consequently, an increase The pressure of oxygen in the cell, the increase of cellular PH, the destruction of the skeletal and cell membrane, and finally the disruption of the physiological functions of the cell nucleus, all of which causes irreparable damage and ultimately the death of the

Photodynamic Diagnosis (PDD) or Fluorescence Diagnosis (FD) is designed on detection of premalignant lesions and cancer tumors through recording and evaluation of fluorescence emission profile. Photodynamic Diagnosis (PDD) is a modern method and a minimally invasive approach based on one of these processes: Autofluorescence of tissue, fluorescence of a chemiluminescence probe or fluorescence after local or systemic administration of a photosensitizer (PS), selectively accumulating in pathological foci. Necessary conditions for successful Photodynamic Diagnosis (PDD) are selectivity and good uptake of photosensitizer (PS) by the pathologic cells and providing possibility of real–time data processing, additionally high precision and sensitivity

Pain presents for a variety of reasons, auto accidents, sports injuries, diabetic neuropathy, degenerative joint diseases. Managing pain is a huge problem for millions of people. While chiropractic treatments realign the spine, promoting healthy nerve transmission and proper disc position, manipulation cannot heal muscles and tissue damage, two sources of pain throughout the body.

Chemoembolization using drug eluting microspheres (DEM TACE) was developed to prolong the release of chemotherapeutic agent within the tumor in a prolonged and slow manner. Microspheres (HepaSphere™ Microspheres) 30-60 μmare able to absorb chemotherapeutic agent (Irinotecan). After being mixed with contrast media, microspheres get larger size to 100–200 μm and slowly release the cytotoxic drug. The advantage of DEM TACE is to increase the concentration of chemotherapeutic agent within the tumor, with decreased systemic side effects and toxicity [4,5]. Additionally, the arterial supply of the tumour is embolized by the spheres like in

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a new form of phototherapy using nontoxic photo sensitive compounds that are targeted to kill malignant and other diseased cells and also microbial cells, including bacteria, fungi and viruses. PDT is widely used in biomedical fields. It is used clinically to treat a wide range of medical conditions, including related macular degeneration and malignant cancers,[1] and is recognised as a treatment strategy which is both minimally invasive and minimally toxic. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses a photoresponsive agent and a light source such as laser or another type of light. The photosensitising agent is a chemical that makes the target cells sensitive to light. The photosensitising agent can be applied by injecting

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory, neurodegenerative disease that affects more than 40,000 individuals in Egypt alone and 2.5 million people worldwide. MS is also categorized as an autoimmune disease in which the immune system instigates an immune response upon encountering the specific myelin antigen and therefore initiating a constant degradation of the myelin sheath. The frequent loss of the myelin leads to irreversible progressive axonal damage and eventually neural death. Unfortunately, there is no cure for MS. This projects aims to ameliorate neurological structure and function in MS patients by the oral administration of Nanocurcumin. Nanocurcumin is synthesized by loading curcumin on poly (n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles and is coated with polysorbate-80 to ensure the direct delivery of the nanocurcumin across the blood brain barrier and to the brain. Nanocurcumin is expected to attenuate the neurological symptoms of MS through downregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and endorse the production of neurotrophic factors that aids in neuroprotection and myelin repair.

Inspired by the trans-endothelial migration of nanoparticle-loaded neutrophils to inflammatory sites, the application of this system in the treatment of cancer was reported 27. TA99, a monoclonal antibody, is specific for gp75 antigen on melanoma 61. When administrated, TA99 can activate and initiate neutrophil recruitment in tumor sites. In this study27, the authors addressed whether targeting of neutrophils in tumors using albumin NPs can enhance cancer immunotherapy. In a mouse model of melanoma, it was found that the internalization of albumin NPs in neutrophils and the accumulation of NPs in tumor dramatically increased after co-administration of TA99 and NPs than those with NPs alone. The further study found that the accumulation of BSA NPs in tumors was mediated by the recruitment of

All statistical analysis in this proposal will be done in collaboration with the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center Biostatistics Shared Resource. All cell based studies in Aim 1 will be performed in triplicate. All results will be summarized using mean ± SEM, range and median for each continuous measurement and as proportions with confidence intervals for each dichotomous measurement. For in vivo studies proposed in Aim 2, 5 animals per arm will be utilized to validate in vivo impact of nanoparticle delivered drugs. Immunofluorescence analysis of resulting tumors will be compared for differences between the groups using ANOVA generating two-sided p-values, adjusting for the molecular subtype and accounting for repeated measures over time. For the 4 group comparison,

The results of trypan blue exclusion and MTT assay highlighted that efficacy of N-TiO2 NPs in killing or growth inhibition of MCF-7 cells enhanced when these NPs excited in presence of visible light and in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Our results also demonstrated that in

The structural analysis of nanodisc bound A1-40 ¬suggests the formation of intermediate conformation with typical sheet structures driven by the PMA. We next characterized the toxicity of these A1-40 intermediates in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. Results showed substantial cytotoxic behavior of PMA in solution with a cell viability loss of ≈ 40 % at 2.5 M. The A1-40 monomer and fibers (2.5 M) incubated with equimolar PMA also showed a nearly equivalent cell cytotoxicity as that of the free PMA. In contrast, the PMA bound nanodiscs (Fig 5b) such as DMPC/GM1 (4:1) and DMPC (100 %) showed a relatively low cytotoxicity (< ≈ 10 %). On the other hand, the anionic