The Use Of Magnetite Nanoparticles And Its Effects On The Environment

Plants need food to grow like human beings. Fertilizers can provide plant’s nutrients that may be lacking in the soil. How does the amount of fertilizer effect the growth of the plant? Plants are important in our life. Plants give us food, regulate the water cycle, and provide us oxygen. Plants make up the habitat, and contribute to the climate. Our everyday life depends on plants. Life could not exist without plants. It is very important plants grow and develop properly. Lack of water, nutrients in the soil, and natural disasters may contribute to the delay or reduction of the plant growth. If a plant does not get the right amount of nutrients from the root then the plant will not yield fruits, crops, and flowers. Plants need the right amount of fertilizer to grow and develop. Usage of too much fertilizer can harm plants. Plant can suffer from dehydration and eventually die. The correct amount of fertilizer is essential for the plant to grow healthy. If watering the plant with too little or too much fertilizer, then plant’s growth will slow down, because under fertilizer will cause the lack of nutrients in the soil and over fertilizer will increase the salt amount of soil which eventually slow down the growth of the plant.

Water is the most abundant resource on the planet and is one that is vital to all living organisms. Plants especially depend greatly on water and contain structures in their body in order to use the water efficiently. Water relations is a research field that deals with investigating how environmental factors affect the plant’s usage of the water (Bot 201L lab manual, 2016). A study was conducted to see how low water in the soil affected the uptake of water in Alfalfa leaves and if it had any effect on the plant’s photosynthesis rate. (Abid et al, 2016). It was found that there was a correlation between the photosynthesis rate and the amount of water the leaves would uptake since the stomata on the alfalfa leaves would remain closed (Abid et al, 2016). Since the stomata would close more

The objective of this lab was to investigate what an osmolarity of sodium would be best for the Elodea plant. Osmolarity is a measurement of solute concentration, defined as the number of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. When a cell is in an isotonic solution there is no net movement of water due to equal amounts of osmoles inside cell and in solution. When a cell is in a hypotonic solution cell will immediately start to swell because there are too few osmotically active solutes in the outside solution (water moves into cell). When a cell is in a hypertonic solution the cell will immediately crenate (shrink), because there are too many osmotically active solutes in the outside solution. (water leaves cell). It is important for a cell’s survival to regulate osmosis in order to maintain an optimal internal environment. My hypothesis was that the isotonic solution would be near .05M or lower. I based my hypothesis on my observation of the controls with the Elodea plant.

In this experiment, Arabidopsis thaliana is used. Its cell suspension is cultured weekly by tenfold dilution. It contains 100ml fresh growth medium, 4.3g/L Murashige and Skoog basal salt mixture which is the mixture of ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, naphthaleneacetic acid, and kinetin. The salt mixture is then adjusted to its optimum pH. Cell cultures are incubated at 23C where the light and dark intensity are controlled. For this experiment, 16 hours of light and 8 hours of dark. Filter sterilized cadmium (Cd) chloride are used as its treatment. The concentration were manipulated from 0, 50, 100, 200, or 300 M. analysis of growth rate was done by taking out aliquots of 10mL at every several hours

Chemical elements can cause harmful effects on human health due to the use of plants that are grown in contaminated soil. Through bioaccumulation, over plants that absorb an element from the soil, elements enter into the food chain and shall be deposited in the human body. Root system in plants plays an important role in the distribution of elements from the soil through the plant. Elevated pH values can affect the lack of accessible forms of specific nutritious elements. The value of pH has a decisive influence on the dynamics of all the elements in the soil, especially micro elements and heavy metals. In the acidic environment the solubility of metals increases, they cross to the solution of the soil from which the plant adopted them, which can lead to greater adoption of these elements by plants. The increase in soil acidity reduces the amount of plant available phosphorus, which by binding to iron and aluminum becomes difficult soluble phosphates (Resulović, Čustović 2002) Also, there is a more intensive adoption of manganese and its toxic effects on

As aquatic plants, duckweeds grow in large, dense, green colonies. These plants belong to the scientific group of floating plants, Lemnaceae, and often envelop the outer water surface. Unlike other vascular plants, the leaves of duckweeds are fused into “fronds.” The biomass and number of fronds tremendously doubles in optimum growth conditions, such as salinity, light intensity, nutrient supply, and temperature. These plants have desirable morphological properties that render them ideal candidates for low-cost waste water purification and conversion of nutrients to biomass (Xu and Shen, 2011). This experiment is motivated by limited literature on the impacts of varying salt concentration on the growth of duckweeds. Meanwhile, a wide range of salt concentration favor the growth of these weeds (Xu and Shen, 2011). Little is known about the natural salinity tolerance limit for duckweeds due to limited studies have reported related findings at different salt concentrations.

Plants provide many products that benefit other organisms and their environments. Perhaps one of the most important roles of the plant is photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which light energy is converted into a usable form. Of this energy obtained by the plant, ten percent is passed on through each level of the trophic chain, and the rest is given off as heat. This theory is known as the 10% Law. The process of photosynthesis also consumes carbon dioxide, and releases oxygen as a byproduct. This is arguably one of the most important functions of plants, because oxygen is such a vital ingredient to life on Earth. With their oxygen producing capabilities, plants have been coined as, “The Lungs of the Earth”. Another benefit that plants provide to their ecosystems that has only been discovered since an increase in human pollution is their detoxification potential. Many plants

Plants have the ability to take up minerals and metals, such as copper, through their roots. Copper is required to make a number of proteins in plant cells. A minimal amount is required for plant cell survival, however, too much can seriously harm the plant and its cell walls (Printz, Lutts, Hausman, & Sergeant, 2016). Lettuce, being one such plant, also takes up copper, even in non-optimal growing conditions. Vincevica-Gaile and Klavins (2013) showed that even in sandy loam and clay with a minimal amount of organic matter, lettuce still will take up copper. It will not stop when it has enough to maintain functioning, however, but rather keep taking it up. Between the control and Cu 70 experimental group, the smallest difference was 5

For the plants development to carry out general processes, an example being photosynthesis, required for life. There are different roles which can be changed, altered, removed or added that can affect the plant, an example being an increase temperature, CO2. Iron is a micronutrient like iron, used by plants for plant growth, it's role a key factor in enzyme present and able to carry out the the processes and needed for the formation of chlorophyll. A reason as to why iron plays a key part in the plants development, is due to the fact that the fundamental components of protein found in the enzyme that controls a large sum of chemical reactions which happens in a plant. A study carried out showed that iron aided in seed production needed for activity in enzymes, however in the correct dosages.

Drought is a form of a natural abiotic stress in plants that affects plant growth and is characterized as one of the most widespread environmental stresses occurring globally (Ekmekci, Y., & Kalefetoglu T., 2005). It occurs when there is an absence of rainfall for a particular period of time. This happens when atmospheric conditions such as climate change causes extensive loss of water in soil content that damage and injure plant structure and disruption in physiology (Jaleel, C., P. Manivannan, A. Wahid, M. Farooq, R. Somasundaram and R. Panneerselvam, 2009). Drought can be considered as water deficit and desiccation (Ekmekci, Y., & Kalefetoglu T., 2005). Water deficit occur when loss of water is moderate and the stomata of the plants’ closes resulting to a limitation of gas exchange (Jaleel, C., et.al., 2009). Desiccation occur when there is an extensive loss of water that results to a disruption in the plant’s metabolism, cell structure and eventually to the termination of enzyme catalyzed reactions (Ekmekci, Y., & Kalefetoglu T., 2005). Some effects of drought in plants are as follows; decreased in cell enlargement and growth which reduces the height of plants, decline in the water content of leaves, turgor loss, altered cholorophyll (a & b) pigment concentrations and carotenoids which reduces tissue concentrations of a plant and disturbs or disrupts biochemical processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, ion uptake, translocation and nutrient metabolism (Jaleel,

Although chemical fertilizers greatly improve plant growth, they do not do much to sustain the soil. Even the fertilizers labeled as “complete” do not actually promote neither soil life nor health. In fact, they do not replace many trace elements that are gradually depleted by repeated crop plantings, resulting in long-term damage to the soil.

All plants are subjected to a multitude of stresses throughout their life cycle. Depending on the species of plant and the source of the stress, the plant will respond in different ways. When a certain tolerance level is reached, the plant will eventually die. When the plants in question are crop plants, then a problem arises. The two major environmental factors that currently reduce plant productivity are drought and salinity (Serrano, 1999), and these stresses cause similar reactions in plants due to water stress. These environmental concerns affect plants more than is commonly thought. For example, disease and insect loss typically decrease crop yields by less than ten percent, but severe

A nanoparticle is a microscopic particle with at least one dimension less than 100 nm. Nanoparticles exist in the natural world and are also created as a result of human activities. Because of their submicroscopic size, they have unique material characteristics, and manufactured nanoparticles may find practical applications in a variety of areas, including medicine, engineering, catalysis, and environmental remediation. (King, Jarvie, & Dobson, 2017)

Nano crystalline magnetic materials exhibit a variety of unusual and remarkable magnetic properties that are not observed in bulk system [1,2]. Magnetic spinel nano ferrites have attracted the interest of the researchers due to their importance in understanding the fundamentals of nano magnetism and their wide range of applications. They found potential applications in biomedicine such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), targeted drug delivery, magnetic separation [3-6] and high density data storage [7]. Nowadays, almost every part of the electronic device manufactured contains some ferromagnetic spinel ferrite materials. Loud speakers, antenna rods, deflection yokes, radar absorbers, humidity sensors, memory devices, recording heads, inductors and so many are frequency based on ferrites. Properties of ferrites are dependent upon various factors such as composition, method of preparation, substitution and doping of different cations, sintering temperature and duration, grain size and their distribution [8, 9]. The most common method to acquire improved electrical, optical and magnetic properties is the substitution of suitable impurity at the octahedral and tetrahedral sites.

In recent years, inorganic and chemosynthesized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SIONPs) such as Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4 MgNPs) have attracted extensive interest for their biocompatible (Kunzmann et al., 2011) and low toxic properties mainly in the human body studied (Jeng and Swanson, 2006; Karlsson et al., 2009) which make them as promising remedial tools in related fields. Magnetite nanoparticles is the most-studied for many technological applications in biomedicine, such as high sensitivity biomolecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Bulte et al., 2001), in vivo targeted drug delivery (Sunderland et al., 2006), hyperthermic agents and enhancer in the treatment and diagnosis of cancer (Gupta and Gupta, 2005;