The Use Of Modafinil And Armodafinil Are Oral Central Nervous System Wakefulness Promoting

In my paper, I will tackle insomnia from various perspectives: definitions, types, causes, effects, and means of solutions.

This paper examines five different sources of information that addresses information pertaining to wakeful resting or sleeping and the effects it has on memory garnered by experiments performed on humans and animals. Wakeful resting is defined as an individual that has not fallen asleep but has engaged in a period of rest that cuts them off from the distractions of the outside world. Sleep is the bodies natural cycle of rest that suspends the consciousness and allows both the body and the mind to take a break from any stressful activities and recover. By either taking a short wakeful rest or going to sleep after learning new material, memory consolidation in both humans and animals will be improved, and it is not limited to humans that

Narcoleptics have little or no hypocretin in their CSF (cerebral spinal fluid). In addition, they have reduced numbers of hypocretin sensitive neurons. A lack of this important neurotransmitter produces instable sleep/wake cycles, which makes it difficult for those with low levels to sustain sleep or wakefulness. Another important neurotransmitter shown to be deficient in narcoleptics is histamine. Together with hypocretin, histamine plays an important role in wakefulness by acting on the hypothalamus in the brain.

It is no secret that, similar to other animals, sleep is one of the most important things for a human being’s overall health. According to Watson and Breedlove, there are four main biological/neurological functions of sleep: energy conservation—the body uses less energy when it is asleep through what is called slow-wave sleep (SWS) by doing things such as reducing body temperature and slowing respiration; niche adaptation—the environmental happenings to which organisms are adapted to; body restoration—it restores materials used during awake hours; and memory consolidation—SWS and REM sleep help the brain consolidate memories from the previous day (2012).

Not many courses introduce the idea of sleep, so it had only been a side interest. I was unaware of the seriousness of the problem and only wanted to understand sleep disorders because I’ve dealt with insomnia myself. Not until college did it occur to me that sleep was serious enough that studying sleep was a profession. However, school has only taught me the minimal basics of sleep. I wanted to understand the mechanism, the consequences, and the treatments for sleep. Unable to get a better idea of sleep, I aimed to learn more about sleep research. Eventually through graduate research, I would like to focus on understanding sleep and its application in improving health.

Importantly, it was observed that each recovery sleep dose had equivalent restorative value (i.e. linear) for sleep and objective sleepiness measures. However in contrast, recovery of neurobehavioral outcomes, sustained attention and subjective sleepiness, was exponential indicating that the restorative value of the recovery sleep doses decreased with increasing sleep

Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder, short for Non-24, is a chronic circadian rhythm disorder that affects people that are completely blind. The circadian rhythms control the body clock and regulate sleep-wake cycle and various other cycles that are critical in the body. In most people, this body clock runs marginally longer than 24 hours. This means that rather than cycle on a 24-hour day, most people’s natural rhythms actually run a bit longer. Whether the cycle runs two minutes or 30 minutes longer, patients with Non-24 have these minutes add up day after day, few days adding to a few more the next. Eventually causing evident changes in one’s body. Their body’s circadian rhythm becomes out of sync from regular day and night cycle.

Users of these treatments still experience stage 1, 2, 3, 4, and REM sleep in the same manner and for the appropriate amounts of time. Brain patterns remained the same in each stage with alpha waves in stage 1, sleep spindles and K-complexes in stage 2, slow-wave brain patterns in stages 3 and 4, and theta waves in REM sleep. The process of gaining wakefulness also remains generally identical. As peak levels of melatonin are reached, the function of MT1 receptors and the body’s need for sleep declines. The suprachiasmatic nucleus becomes more excitatory and begins transmitting signals of

Melatonin is a regulator of sleep wake cycles in all organisms. Furthermore, it is synthesised in the pineal gland and begins as an amino acid tryptophan. This amino acid is converted to serotonin and then metabolized into melatonin by the N-acetylation of 5-HT preceded with the addition of a methyl group at the hydroxyl position of the molecule via two enzymes called hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) and N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) (Foulkes et al. 1997; Schomerus and Korf 2005). After those steps melatonin has been synthesised and will begin to affect the sleep wake cycle of the species.

The VLPO , also known as the “sleep switch” , as well as the anterior thalamus and basal forebrain are activated, which inhibits the arousal system. Particularly, the VLPO, GABA and galanin containing neurons, inhibit and project wake-promoting regions of the ascending reticular system and descending brainstem arousal neurons.

Sleep is one of the unavoidable daily-living activities and it is one of the most important factors contributing to a person’s health. A quality sleep is essential for the physical, cognitive and psychological well-being of a person. Learning, memory processing and maintenance of the brain are among the most important functions of sleep. In addition to maintaining the brain, sleep has important roles in controlling the

Sleep is undoubtedly one of the most essential requirements for the human body to function properly. It plays a very important role in ensuring the wellness of the human body both physically as well as mentally. In fact, the importance of sleep is clear from the fact that it helps you in maintaining a good lifestyle throughout our entire lifetime. Not only does it help maintain our physical and mental health; rather it also helps in maintaining a decent and healthy lifestyle along with ensuring safety from a number of fatal diseases. It is usually said that the mood in which you wake up is largely dependent on the type of sleep you have been in. This in itself is a big proof of the importance of sleep in our lives. While sleeping, our body finally gets its share of rest and it also gets ample time in rejuvenating from all the wear and tear that it went through during the entire day. Not only this, the body is in its own working condition when we are sleeping as this is the time when it supports the healthy functioning of the brain as well as physical attributes of our body.

Nuvigil (armodafinil) is a medication that promotes wakefulness. Nuvigil is used to treat excessive sleepiness caused by sleep apnea, narcolepsy, or shift work sleep disorder.

Age-Related Changes. The previously discussed models and hypotheses are important in understanding the foundation of sleep disturbances and the multifactorial nature of insomnia. However, it is imperative to also acknowledge the age-related changes that effect sleep architecture and sleep patterns in older adults. The medical field has defined individuals over the age of 65 as elderly, and those over the age of 75 as geriatric. Many changes involving how sleep is initiated and maintained occur throughout the lifespan. Subjective inquiries reveal that older adults on average report spending more time in bed, but less time sleeping, waking more often throughout the night, earlier wake times, more frequent napping, and taking longer to

A common and overlooked sleep problem throughout college aged people is insomnia. While some people don’t even know they have it, it could be greatly affecting their outlook on life. Not getting the correct amount of sleep each night can lead to some very extreme mental health problems. These include: paranoia, hallucinations, schizophrenia, and night terrors. Could therapy help people who suffer from these health problems caused by insomnia? Researchers who conducted this experiment in the UK, Freeman at el, (2015) hypothesized insomnia is a contributory casual factor to psychotic-like experiences. With the help of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), the subjects will get better sleep, therefore they will have less psychotic-like experiences.