The Use Of Nanomedicine

Absorption – “How the drugs enter the circulation process through the body, and how they resist general breakdown by the stomach, liver, and the intestines”. Some of the factors that affect the absorption of drugs in the body is as follows, “acidity of the stomach, Physiochemical properties, Presence of food in the stomach or intestine, and Routes of administration”,

Pharmacokinetics "is the way a drug is absorbed, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (pg. 749 Treas)

"Absorption depends on the drug’s ability to cross cell membranes and resist extensive breakdown by the stomach, liver, and intestines.

To prepare samples was necesary to place the agarose in a water bath, until it was in a liquid state. At the same time, the granulose cells were ajusted to a concentation of 10^6 cells/ml using PMI Media 1640 (Life Techologies; Carlsbad, CA, USA). A volumen of 25 microlitres of diluted granulose cells was passed to the Eppedorf tube with the agarose at 37ºC, then it was mixed gently.

Chitin the second most abundant polysaccharide is synthesized by an enormous number of living organisms including fungi and insects. These biopolymers have found many applications in different areas such as: packaging material, membrane for removal of metal ions, dyes and pigments in waste water engineering; anti-cholesterol, fat binding, preservative and food additive in food industry; seed and fertilizer coating, controlled agrochemical release in agriculture; surface treatment, photographic paper in pulp and paper industry; moisturizer, body creams and lotions in cosmetics and toiletries. It has also found wide applications in biomedical such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound dressing, scaffolds, cancer diagnosis, etc. The majority of these versatile applications are coming of its non-toxicity, biocompatibility and biodegradability.

Agarose is a linear polysaccharide unit made up of the basic repeat unit agarobiose, which comprises alternating units of galactose and 3,6-anhydrogalactose. Agarose is one of the components of agar that is a mixture of polysaccharides isolated from certain seaweeds. Agarose is usually used in concentration between 1% and 3%. The pore size in the gel is controlled by the initial concentration of agarose; large pore sizes are formed from low concentrations and smaller pore sizes are formed from the higher concentratins. [1][2][5]

Clinicians and patients recognize the tremendous importance of medications in today 's medical care. Associated with the development of the pharmaceutical industry, its consumption has been increasing, and with it, the possibility of unwanted effects or adverse reactions.

Pharmacokinetics is term related to the ending of a substance that administered in a living organism. It consists of four phases and these are absorption, distribution, metabolism, and renal elimination, which referred to as ADME. There are two classes for pharmacokinetics: linear pharmacokinetics and non-linear pharmacokinetics. Linear pharmacokinetics of drug is a term refer to dose independent and concentration independent pharmacokinetics, in which pharmacokinetic parameters are constant when the drug concentration change. These parameters are half-life, clearance (CL), and volume of distribution at steady state (Vss). The pharmacokinetic phases like absorption, distribution, and elimination in dose independent pharmacokinetics are followed first order kinetics. In this condition, the changing in the drug dose results directly changing in the drug concentration in a body. In contract, non-linear pharmacokinetics of drug is known dose dependent, time dependent or concentration dependent pharmacokinetics. One or more of the pharmacokinetics parameters

Actions of body on the drug  Non-specific, general processes • Absorption from site of administration • Distribution to the

Agarose is a linear polysaccharide made up of basic repetitive units of agaribose, which comprises the alternating units of the galactose and 3,6-anhydro galactose. It is approximately at the concentration between 1-3%. Agarose gels are prepared from suspending the dry agarose in the aqueous buffer, then boiling the mixture until a clear solution is formed. This is poured and allowed to cool down to room temperature to form a rigid gel. Agarose gel is formed by the polymerization of D-galactose and 3,6- anhydro –L-galactose. It is

Chitosan, derived from chitin, is the most abundant natural polymer in the world besides cellulose, making it relatively inexpensive (Esam & Yahaya, 2010). Chitosan has been of interest due to its many advantages as a biopolymer such as its biodegradability, non-toxicity, bio-compatibility, antibacterial properties, amenability with simple chemical modifications, and ease of processing and handling, dissolving in mild acidic solutions (Zhu, Jiang, & Xiao, 2010). Further, chitosan’s positively charged amine groups allow it to interact with the negatively charged surfaces of cells. As a result, chitosan is able to adhere to tissue at wound sites through electrostatic interactions (Cuy, 2004).

Similar to its polysaccharide nature, Chitin has a similar chemical structure as that of cellulose. It is reported to be a polymer with high molecular weight of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units which are linked by β-D bonds, which has 1000-3000 units (Shahidi & Abuzaytoun 2005). In similarity with cellulose, chitin has an acetamido group at its C2 postion unlike cellulose which has a hydroxyl group (Shahidi & Abuzaytoun 2005). Figure 1 shows the structure of chitin, its derivative chitosan and cellulose.

An alternative enzymatic method has been discovered to overcome the limitation of preparation of chitosan by discovering chitin deacetylases . For production of novel, well-defined chitosan we have found the use of chitin deacetylases for the conversion of chitin to chitosan, which is in contrast to the currently used chemical procedure, offers the possibility of a controlled, non-degradable process . This method is specially used to prepare chitosan oligomers

It has been discovered that filaments containing conjugated fragrant framework like PET are more compelling for UVR retention. The cellulosic strands having no double bond in their molecular backbone have low

"The main factor which relates to absorption of drugs is the route of administration. Physiological considerations in absorption are blood flow, total surface area, time of arrival of the drug and time of drug at absorption site. Other considerations for absorption are solubility, chemical stability and how soluble the drug is in lipids".