The Use Of Testing On Human Testing

In the movie, Living Proof, several clinical trials took place to ultimately reach the goal of getting the medical drug Herceptin approved. This particular drug is often referred to as HER2+ (Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 – positive and is typically treated during the early stages of breast cancer in which it has spread to the lymph nodes. A clinical trial is a part of medical research that in such a way attempts to prevent, detect, or treat diseases such as cancers. The clinical trials can range from new drugs being distributed to the market, new surgical procedures, or simply to improve treatments that we now have and use today. Rarely can a single clinical trial establish and assists a medical procedure/drug to become approved.

Clinical trials, or a test before a treatment is approved to be safe for human consumption, have been dated back to the biblical times. Recorded in the “Book of Daniel” a king and military leader performed the first known clinical trial (Evolution of Clinical Research). Although his experiment was nowhere near what we conduct in today's society scientist, doctors, and other researchers before them have learned through trial and error, and they have used clinical trials to study diseases. In 1774 James Lind followed through with the first clinical trial of the modern era studying scurvy.

The process used to pool the data together was clinical trial decision making. The main factors influencing this process consist of patient, provider, and treatment. Two studies specifically explored decision making by the patient. Education requirements impacted decision making since understanding the risks and benefits of clinical trials was the most important factor taken into consideration by the patient. Educational interventions were noted to have increased patient enrollment. (Biedrzycki, 2010).

People should participate in clinical trials because they are safe, a way to earn money, a positive impact on the medical field, easy to perform in, and highly successful. A clinical trial is similar to a research study that is conducted for many reasons.

The author believes that biomedical research is the way of better understanding medicine and without randomized clinical trials the field of medicine will have insufficient information. He argues that randomized clinical trials are the most scientifically sound and ethically correct means of evaluating new therapies. The belief of a physician being unethical when running randomized clinical trials is rejected by this article because previous trials on patients can have a better outcome on future patients. This article stresses that randomized clinical trials must be carefully designed that has an intended purpose of gathering data to improve the wellbeing of patients. If the patient is to endure a clinical trial he/she must be properly informed of the risks of the trial and the health of the patient should be high priority. Overall this article explains the importance of randomized clinical trials and debunks the idea of randomized clinical trials as being unethical. This article uses a utilitarian point of view and gives reasons why these trials can be in the best interests for both the patient and society.

Animal experimentation for drug testing must be reduced due to its harmful effects on both humans and animals. Instead, new alternatives should be applied to test the safety of newfound cures.

After all research has been conducted including the testing of all animal and human studies associated, the New Drug application is completed by the drug developer. The results provided are used by the FDA to determine whether the drug is approved or the recommendation of further testing. Finally phase four is based on the monitoring of the drug’s risks and benefits monitored by various sponsors hired by the FDA.

I am Marina Isabel Carpenter, I will be representing the opposition side in the following debate. I feel that human experimentation is wrong, but I know vaccines can help with some illness.

Animal testing not only benefit humans, animals also benefit themselves with the experimentation (Cook, 2006). Since animals testing has been put into practice the lifetime of animals has expanded. The development of drugs for the human health has also contributed for the development of drugs for animals. Besides the development of new drug for the help of humans and animals, animal testing leave a extended scientific knowledge (Jentsch, 2010). Beyond the knowledge that animal testing leave, the amount of cures and treatments for diseases such as cancer, heart diseases, parkinson, diabetes, hepatitis C, and many others. (Animal Research Means Medical Progress, Americans for Medical Progress). Animal testing is

Research in biomedical science has generated a wealth of new discoveries that are improving our health, extending our lives, and raising our standard of living. In order to assist this process there has to be testing on animals and humans in clinical trials. Many people think that clinical trials are inhumane and harmful to humans and animals; however, there are many benefits to participating in clinical trials. Clinical trials help determine when new medicines should be put on the market, they help discover new cures for disease, are safe, confidential, and could save millions of lives.

Clinical trials studies usually record all adverse events that occur during the study , to help determine which ones might be associated with the medicine.

Human experimentation has been something that’s been going on for centuries. Researching humans for new drug testing has accommodated a lot of controversy with people all over the world. Most people don’t agree and think it’s not okay for this type of situation to happen to people but there are different studies such as Diagnostic, Treatment, and Preventive that explains and gives a better point of view and understanding the positive outcomes of the entire process.

Who Enrolls in Drug Trials? Healthy experienced testers are used during Phase I where the side effects and safety of a potential new drug are tested. Phase II trials find dosing requirements and therapeutic efficiency. Phase III trials are on a much larger scale so they can compare the results with other medications on the market. Experimental drugs, biologics, and devices are just a few of the studies these “guinea pigs” can participate done.

It is now accepted worldwide that before a drug is brought into routine use its efficacy, safety, and the balance between two need to be formally demonstrated. The efficacy of new drugs nowadays is almost invariably established with a technique known as ‘randomized controlled trial’.

The main goal in Phase I is to find out if the investigational new drug is safe. In this first phase of human testing, testing determines the correct dosing and exposes the most common side effects. If the investigational new drug is found to be safe, Phase II of human testing can begin. The main goal of Phase II is to find out if the investigational new drug is effective. Unlike in Phase I, the patients tested in Phase II are not healthy. In this phase, testing determines whether the drug works on patients it was designed to help. Results are obtained by comparing the group of test patients to other groups taking a different drug or taking a placebo.