The Validity Measures Of Blood Pressure

The importance of manual blood pressure readings are often overlooked, even by experienced healthcare providers. Manual blood pressures closely approximate a person’s direct arterial measurements. However, there have been studies that

(Marieb and Hoehn, 2010, p 703) defined Blood Pressure (BP) as ‘the force per unit area exerted on a vessel wall by the contained blood, and is expressed in millimetres of mercury (mm Hg)’. BP is still one of the essential and widely used assessment tools in healthcare settings. Nurses generally record the arterial BP which is the forced exerted blood that flows through the arteries, to establish a baseline and to determine any risk factors. BP

Primary hypertension can be linked to several risk factors, some in which are evident in K.H.’s history and

The purpose of arterial pressure and the pulse lab is to determine the effect of posture and exercise on systolic and diastolic pressure and the heart rate. And also in order to find the differences in the reading taken under these condition compares to the baseline reading. The Sphygmomanometer and stethoscope are used to measure the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, counting the beat on the radial artery will give the reading for pulse rate and by using the lab scribe software and IWX214, the blood pressure will be measured. In the heart, the aorta and the carotid arteries have baroreceptors and the chemoreceptors that identify the changes in arterial pressure and the changes in

This data shows the ages and systolic blood pressures (measured in millimeters of mercury) of 9 randomly selected adults, (38, 116), (41, 120), (45, 123), (48, 135), (51, 142), (53, 145), (57, 148), (61, 150), (65, 152).

The major health problem selected for this project was hypertension (Harrison et al, 2011). It is identified as a cardio vascular disease risk factor such as dementia, chronic kidney disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke (NICE, 2011). It can be missed easily, as in various instances it is asymptomatic as well as it is also known as a silent killer. The Hypertension is thought to be a disease of vascular regulation ensuing from arterial pressure control mechanisms malfunction (extracellular fluid volume, rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and CNS) that results in elevation of BP by means of enhanced peripheral vascular resistance, and cardiac output. There are 2 basic hypertension types. Around 90 to 95 percent of the individuals have primary hypertension which is linked with change in lifestyle as well as needs medical treatment. On the other hand, 5-10% has secondary hypertension which is linked with various other diseases for instance pregnancy, thyroid, and renal (Haslam and James, 2005). It is estimated that around 1 in 20 adults will have increased BP of 160/100 mmHg and above that results in either more than one predisposing aspects (Gemmell et al, 2006).

As the blood is forced throughout our body, there is a pressure that is exerted on the walls of our arteries, this is known as blood pressure. We see blood pressure represented as two numbers, the systolic (top) and the diastolic (bottom) numbers. The systolic blood pressure is the heart contracting and the diastolic is the heart relaxing. A normal, healthy, blood pressure would be written as 120/80 mmHg (millimeters of mercury) or verbally expressed by most individuals as 120 over 80. Our blood pressure can vary depending on many things. When the diastolic or systolic pressure is high, or significantly and consistently above 120/80 mmHg, this is what we call hypertension. There are different stages or degrees of hypertension. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins (2010) describes the stages as the following:

The algorithm begins with an indication that is used for adults over the age of 18 and noted that lifestyle interventions should be continued throughout management. Goal blood pressures are separated by age and presence of chronic disease. The goal for patients over 60 is SBP < 150 mmHg and DBP < 90 mmHg. The goal for patients under 60 is < 140 mmHg and DBP < 90 mmHg. Different goal values are presented for patients with chronic conditions. Treatment with medication is categorized by: general population nonblack, general population black, chronic conditions black, and chronic condition all races. Based on the algorithm black patients should only be prescribed thiazide type diuretics and/or calcium channel blockers. While non-black patients can take all of the medications listed in JNC 8 (thiazide type diuretics, ACEI, ARB, and/or CCB). If patient does not reach goal blood pressure then three strategies are listed, along with lifestyle adherence. The algorithm also explains not to use ACEI and ARB together. The final option for patients not at goal blood pressure includes additional medications and/or referral to physician with an expertise in hypertension

Hypertension related research could be assessed using meta-analyses and randomized control trials. A combination of both will be used for this narrative review, since all three have been useful in determining JNC guidelines. Much of the research conducted has been on different interventions that include lifestyle and pharmacological treatment that have been used to reduce blood pressure and control hypertension. JNC 6 focused its efforts on improving dietary habits to avoid developing hypertension or manage it once diagnosed. JNC 7 appears to be an intermediate of the other two guidelines. It contains information on the lifestyle modifications as well as pharmacological treatment. JNC 8 is formatted quite differently that the other two and appears to be geared towards proper and prompt diagnoses of the disease, as well as forms of treatment.

The purpose of this lab is to understand how to measure the heart rate and blood pressure of an individual by the appropriate method. It is important to know how to take these measurements accurately in the healthcare or fitness professions. In this lab, the heart rate was measured by a stethoscope over the chest, and with the middle and index fingers for the carotid and radial arteries. For blood pressure, a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope were used to identify the Korotkoff sounds that indicate the systolic and diastolic pressures. Risk factors such as heart disease and high blood pressure can be discovered through the

Ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) monitoring and ambulatory heart rate recording are regarded as the standard methods for the diagnosis and prediction of cardiovascular disease [1,2]. It has been reported that a non-dipping pattern of heart rate is strongly associated with increased risk of all mortality in epidemiological settings [3,4]. In addition, there are many recent reports on the clinical significance of ambulatory blood pressure. A non-dipping pattern and nocturnal hypertension are associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [5]. On this basis, we raised some questions. Are there any relationship between HR dip and BP dip? The non-dipping situation expressed on what kind of patients? What can they predict?

Brien E, Gianfranco P, George S. ABP Measurement. What Is the International Consensus? Hypertension.2013; 62: 988-994.

Hypertension is widely considered to be one of the most important risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (angina, arrhythmia, etc.). It is the second leading disease that causes mortality in the world. Hypertension is the condition when there is an increase in the force of blood on the walls of vessels. It can also be defined as an arterial blood pressure that is raised above 140/90 mm Hg (systolic/ diastolic BP). Hypertension can be classified into Secondary hypertension and Essential hypertension. When specific cause is evident but heredity, and various physiological parameters play a role in increasing blood pressure is known as Essential Hypertension. Secondary Hypertension is one where the cause is known. According to WHO guidelines between 2006 and 2015, deaths due to cardiovascular diseases are expected to increase by 17% while the deaths from infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies, maternal and prenatal conditions are projected to decline by 3%. The main causes of hypertension includes the age ,hereditary, gender, extra weight, alcohol consumption, stress life, lazy life etc.

With the information found with what a patient’s blood pressure is, it helps health care

Approximately one in every three adult’s ages 20 years old and older are diagnosed with high blood pressure or hypertension. Hypertension affects 78 million people in the United States and is equally prevalent in both men and woman (Crabtree et al., 2013). Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (Hajjar & Kotchen, 2003). It can lead to stroke, myocardial infarction, renal failure, heart failure, neurological issues, and death if not detected early and not treated properly (James, Oparil, Carter, & et al., 2014). Approximately 9.4 million deaths in 2010 were attributed to high blood pressure (Angell, De Cock, & Frieden, 2015). About 54% of strokes, 47% of coronary heart disease, and 25 % of other cardiovascular diseases are attributed to high blood pressure (Arima, Barzi, & Chalmers, 2011).