The Vandenbergh Effect

The system consists of the eyes where the information is collected, geniculate lateral nucleus and visual cortex. The visual cortex could be subdivided into the primary visual cortex and the striate cortex. This sensory system is located at the back of a brain parts of which are located in both hemispheres. Recent studies obtained a sufficient amount of information in order to construct the two-stream hypothesis, which describes the ventral and dorsal streams. The ventral stream begins at the primary visual cortex and goes to the inferior temporal cortex. Main functional responsibilities of this area include identification of objects and the emergence of the long-term memory the origins of which are placed in this area (Rauschecker, Josef P and Sophie K. Scott 722). Dorsal stream also begins at the primary visual cortex and ends at the posterior parietal cortex. It is mainly responsible for the body part control required in order to manipulate an object. The research shows that these "what" and "why" systems are not directly related, and the damage in one affect the other only to a certain extent. It could be explained by the fact that that input is transformed differently via action and

Similarly the controls; untreated males and females) exhibited male and female characteristics respectively as this was somewhat intrinsic based on their genome, that is, what is contained in their genetic makeup and not dependent on the environment they were raised in. this is synonymous with the studies done with 16 males in that the majority of genetically male children behaved as male despite being raised as females. This behavior was already encoded in their DNA. However, with the 43 girls, the effect of testosterone was nil on the

The ability to compare and relate from animal models shows us that the reproductive physiology can provide us with the knowledge to understand and question theories that are left unanswered (Davis et al. 2010).

Hoover WB, Vertes RP. Anatomical analysis of afferent projections to the medial prefrontal cortex in the rat. Brain Struct Funct. 2007;212(2):149-179.

Furthermore, the axons of the olfactory tract project to either the amygdala, piriform cortex (region of limbic cortex) and the entorhinal cortex (region of the limbic cortex). From the amygdala, information then is sent to the hypothalamus. The entorhinal cortex sends its information to the hippocampus. The piriform cortex takes its information to the hypothalamus and orbitofrontal cortex

fish with higher levels were found to change sex more rapidly. It was also found that the GnRH levels were significantly higher in the male brains, but there was not a significant level of the hormone in the gonads. Also, there was no significant change in the females who were given the injections. The findings support the researchers hypothesis that the GnRH hormone plays an important role in the development of cinnamon clownfish, specifically in males. Another interesting thing that the researchers found was that the chromosomes of the fish do not change, even if they do undergo a sex change. Fi the fish was originally made and changes to female then it will still have the genetic makeup of XY

It is at puberty that the sexual nature of girls becomes feminine, that is, passive or receptive. Puberty for girls is marked by a fresh wave of repression in which it is precisely clitoral sexuality that is affected, thus overtaking the heretofore-active nature of a little girl's sexuality, and replacing it with a passive non-clitoral leading sexual zone focused on the vaginal orifice. The clitoris retains a role in sexual excitement but its task is in transmitting the excitation to the adjacent female sexual parts and is not the primary sexual zone as experienced in boys.

The Thalamus receives most of the incoming sensory information (excluding smells) and then relays that information to the cortex.

The sensory receptor detects the presence of a stimulus in the skin, muscle, or other organ. The sensory neuron, which is also the afferent neuron, carries sensory information to the central nervous system. The integrating center is found only in gray matter of the central nervous system in the brain or spinal cord. This is where information is processed, and the motor command to stimulate the effector is initiated. The motor neuron, also called the efferent neuron, carries the motor command to the effector organ. Finally, the effector organ carries out the response to the stimulus, which may be to a muscle, gland or adipose tissue.

At birth, the individual’s external genitalia mimics the genitals of a female and may present itself as ambiguous depending upon the individual. The genitals is easily mistaken as female genitals because of an mutation that generates while the child is inside the womb. This mutation hinders the developing child’s body from changing testosterone, a male hormone into the secondary hormone DHT “dihydrotestosterone” (Live Science).

Replacement of sex hormones during puberty may result in development of adequate secondary sex characteristics e.g. breasts, pubic hair and a deeper voice.

It is classified as a descending cortico-striato-pallido-pontine pathway including the cortex, striatum, pallidum, and the pons (Geyer and Braff 1987). Neurons from the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, ventral tegmental area, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens regulate the activity of the pons. The pons controls the level of startle response (Swerdlow and Geyer 1998). By understanding these neural mechanisms, we can begin to understand the complex neural processes that are involved in sensory

In the brain, the general somatic sensory information is relayed to the Primary Somatosensory Cortex neurons. The Premotor Cortex (Somatic Sensory Association Area) interprets the received sensory information, and the instructions to type are relayed to the Primary Motor Cortex. The Primary

The brain and spinal cord are also used. Sensory neurons carry instructions to the Central Nervous System. Exteroceptors provide information from touch, temperature, or pressure (Martini).

Pods upon pods, thousands of them at half sticking out of a wall as if the ball was pregnant. In all reality these were the bellies of female creature's created by a certain magical Kinjou. Each pod bore a small creature, not the same at all, they bore a concept of something, the first five would have to under go a cycle that was first called 'The Vadik Phenomenon."